{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3116742864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2020.100004","title":"Blockchains for constrained edge devices","display_name":"Blockchains for constrained edge devices","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3116742864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2020.100004","mag":"3116742864"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2020.100004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2020.100004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2020.100004","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057136197","display_name":"Antonyo Douglas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonyo Douglas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110175442","display_name":"R. H. Holloway","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Holloway","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032343491","display_name":"Jonathan Lohr","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Lohr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035188702","display_name":"Elijah Morgan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elijah Morgan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078662604","display_name":"Khaled Harfoush","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Khaled Harfoush","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078662604"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"fwci":2.784,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92622024,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1-2","first_page":"100004","last_page":"100004"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.7571147680282593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7248774766921997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.7230350971221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.6926155686378479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-point-of-failure","display_name":"Single point of failure","score":0.6088884472846985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5410867929458618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5078359246253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.48997679352760315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.47458457946777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.46725818514823914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.4338231086730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.37666767835617065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3610258996486664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.17265668511390686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.168158620595932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.127597838640213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09879136085510254}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.7571147680282593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7248774766921997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.7230350971221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.6926155686378479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165136773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363179","display_name":"Single point of failure","level":2,"score":0.6088884472846985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5410867929458618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5078359246253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.48997679352760315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.47458457946777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.46725818514823914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.4338231086730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.37666767835617065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3610258996486664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.17265668511390686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.168158620595932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.127597838640213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09879136085510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2020.100004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2020.100004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f587ac78627d4862a14a4d97b615bb04","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f587ac78627d4862a14a4d97b615bb04","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications, Vol 1, Iss 1, Pp 100004- (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2020.100004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcra.2020.100004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227578","display_name":"Blockchain Research and Applications","issn_l":"2096-7209","issn":["2096-7209","2666-9536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Blockchain: Research and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034114456","https://openalex.org/W2110880385","https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2278867595","https://openalex.org/W2392113277","https://openalex.org/W2604096638","https://openalex.org/W2793346081","https://openalex.org/W2794824705","https://openalex.org/W2887443683","https://openalex.org/W2915378797","https://openalex.org/W2936425917","https://openalex.org/W2948503935","https://openalex.org/W2952888913","https://openalex.org/W2955060051","https://openalex.org/W2955646341","https://openalex.org/W2969972609","https://openalex.org/W3118817917","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6676683131","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6695348270","https://openalex.org/W6736027184","https://openalex.org/W6746575192","https://openalex.org/W6750108902","https://openalex.org/W6761445558","https://openalex.org/W6764770959","https://openalex.org/W6764938016","https://openalex.org/W6765857202","https://openalex.org/W6767526935","https://openalex.org/W6771879562","https://openalex.org/W6788496149"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3195581271","https://openalex.org/W4322761281","https://openalex.org/W4238233472","https://openalex.org/W4313463218","https://openalex.org/W4312996489","https://openalex.org/W3111395152","https://openalex.org/W4313526662","https://openalex.org/W3106131444","https://openalex.org/W3216099748","https://openalex.org/W4205963435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Today\u2019s":[0],"networks":[1],"are":[2,31],"seeing":[3],"a":[4,43,69,85,97,113,117,124,159],"large":[5],"influx":[6],"of":[7,17,21,27,79,88,100,140,145,161],"Internet":[8,26,45],"connected":[9],"devices":[10,107],"that":[11,41,129],"reside":[12],"primarily":[13],"on":[14,77],"the":[15,18,75,80,138,141,146],"edge":[16,81,106,139],"network.":[19,142],"Many":[20],"these":[22,105],"devices,":[23,30],"such":[24],"as":[25],"Things":[28],"(IoT)":[29],"resource":[32,162],"constrained":[33,163],"both":[34],"by":[35,155],"storage":[36],"capacity":[37],"and":[38,59,92,110,126,154],"power":[39],"requirements":[40],"limit":[42],"device\u2019s":[44],"availability.":[46],"Several":[47],"interesting":[48],"architectures":[49,67],"have":[50],"been":[51],"proposed":[52,121,147],"to":[53,72,103,108,134,158],"address":[54],"security,":[55],"device":[56],"management,":[57],"configuration,":[58],"multi-party":[60],"interaction":[61],"concerns":[62],"using":[63],"blockchain":[64,76,101,114],"technology.":[65],"These":[66],"require":[68],"trusted":[70,118],"intermediary":[71],"interact":[73,109],"with":[74,112],"behalf":[78],"device.":[82],"This":[83,94],"introduces":[84],"single":[86],"point":[87],"failure":[89],"in":[90],"trust":[91],"security.":[93],"paper":[95],"proposes":[96],"novel":[98],"adaptation":[99],"technology":[102],"enable":[104],"participate":[111],"without":[115],"requiring":[116],"intermediary.":[119],"The":[120,143],"architecture":[122],"provides":[123],"flexible":[125],"extensible":[127],"framework":[128],"enables":[130],"multi":[131],"party":[132],"interactions":[133],"take":[135],"place":[136],"at":[137],"efficacy":[144],"design":[148],"is":[149],"demonstrated":[150],"through":[151],"theoretical":[152],"analysis":[153],"an":[156],"application":[157],"network":[160],"IoT":[164],"devices.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}