{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161971385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2026.115494","title":"PVEL-ViT: Adaptive token selective vision transformer for photovoltaic cell defect classification in electroluminescence imaging","display_name":"PVEL-ViT: Adaptive token selective vision transformer for photovoltaic cell defect classification in electroluminescence imaging","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161971385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2026.115494"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2026.115494","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2026.115494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140556538","display_name":"Applied Soft Computing","issn_l":"1568-4946","issn":["1568-4946","1872-9681"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136635387","display_name":"Hakan Acikgoz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46017","display_name":"Kahramanmara\u015f S\u00fct\u00e7\u00fc \u0130mam University","ror":"https://ror.org/03gn5cg19","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46017"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hakan Acikgoz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Design, Kahramanmaras Istiklal University, Kahramanmaras, 46050, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Design, Kahramanmaras Istiklal University, Kahramanmaras, 46050, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052618649","display_name":"Deniz Korkmaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5159-0659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110665","display_name":"Malatya Turgut \u00d6zal \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2xem26","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110665"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6573832","display_name":"Turgut \u00d6zal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03r7b1f79","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6573832"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deniz Korkmaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Malatya Turgut Ozal University, Malatya, 44900, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5159-0659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Malatya Turgut Ozal University, Malatya, 44900, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110665","https://openalex.org/I6573832"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136651948","display_name":"Cafer Bal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143396566","display_name":"F\u0131rat University","ror":"https://ror.org/05teb7b63","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143396566"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cafer Bal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Firat University, Elazig, 23200, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Firat University, Elazig, 23200, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143396566"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080032490","display_name":"Resul \u00c7\u00f6teli\u0307","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7365-4318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143396566","display_name":"F\u0131rat University","ror":"https://ror.org/05teb7b63","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143396566"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Resul Coteli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Firat University, Elazig, 23200, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Firat University, Elazig, 23200, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143396566"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136633329","display_name":"Besir Dandil","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155859","display_name":"\u0130skenderun Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/052nzqz14","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155859"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Besir Dandil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Iskenderun Technical University, Iskenderun, 31200, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Iskenderun Technical University, Iskenderun, 31200, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155859"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5136635387"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46017"],"apc_list":{"value":3350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3350},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53956707,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"201","issue":null,"first_page":"115494","last_page":"115494"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10624","display_name":"Silicon and Solar Cell Technologies","score":0.28619998693466187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10624","display_name":"Silicon and Solar Cell Technologies","score":0.28619998693466187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.21089999377727509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.04809999838471413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroluminescence","display_name":"Electroluminescence","score":0.6976000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.6194000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5713000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-vision","display_name":"Machine vision","score":0.41749998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.3939000070095062}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31625292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215803","display_name":"Electroluminescence","level":3,"score":0.6976000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.6194000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6032999753952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5713000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5339829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425977","display_name":"Machine vision","level":2,"score":0.41749998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.3939000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3831999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3709000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.36489999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780824857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58803","display_name":"Solar cell","level":2,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50942859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4967193","display_name":"Rectification","level":3,"score":0.2596000134944916}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2026.115494","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2026.115494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140556538","display_name":"Applied Soft Computing","issn_l":"1568-4946","issn":["1568-4946","1872-9681"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6615560054779053,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336535","display_name":"Ulusal Metroloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ftirma Kurumu","ror":"https://ror.org/02zcjdk53"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2928165649","https://openalex.org/W3154872378","https://openalex.org/W4281252421","https://openalex.org/W4313487613","https://openalex.org/W4313677407","https://openalex.org/W4361204229","https://openalex.org/W4377143297","https://openalex.org/W4378649633","https://openalex.org/W4386277087","https://openalex.org/W4387499231","https://openalex.org/W4388145401","https://openalex.org/W4388691996","https://openalex.org/W4388692020","https://openalex.org/W4388948987","https://openalex.org/W4389469355","https://openalex.org/W4390278061","https://openalex.org/W4391155025","https://openalex.org/W4391927311","https://openalex.org/W4396901499","https://openalex.org/W4400035808","https://openalex.org/W4400745636","https://openalex.org/W4401045052","https://openalex.org/W4401046348","https://openalex.org/W4401689051","https://openalex.org/W4402727337","https://openalex.org/W4403097855","https://openalex.org/W4404199198","https://openalex.org/W4404212146","https://openalex.org/W4404552971","https://openalex.org/W4405600699","https://openalex.org/W4406070778","https://openalex.org/W4406163647","https://openalex.org/W4406898111","https://openalex.org/W4407129098","https://openalex.org/W4408095223","https://openalex.org/W4408205882","https://openalex.org/W4408280942","https://openalex.org/W4408520074","https://openalex.org/W4408852288","https://openalex.org/W4409882774","https://openalex.org/W4410053792","https://openalex.org/W4410121591","https://openalex.org/W4411048463","https://openalex.org/W4411137385","https://openalex.org/W4413271680","https://openalex.org/W4413758955","https://openalex.org/W4414801278","https://openalex.org/W7124978258"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-05-22T00:00:00"}