{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161508310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2026.115482","title":"A multi-pheromone ant colony optimization for large-scale traveling salesman problems","display_name":"A multi-pheromone ant colony optimization for large-scale traveling salesman problems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161508310","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2026.115482"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2026.115482","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2026.115482","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140556538","display_name":"Applied Soft Computing","issn_l":"1568-4946","issn":["1568-4946","1872-9681"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028303789","display_name":"Qunfeng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6286-941X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qunfeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136354774","display_name":"Qingnan Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingnan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054624986","display_name":"Kanghua Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kanghua Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136355081","display_name":"Jiarui Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiarui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028303789"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3350},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94568216,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"200","issue":null,"first_page":"115482","last_page":"115482"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.7944999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.7944999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.08659999817609787,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.018799999728798866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/travelling-salesman-problem","display_name":"Travelling salesman problem","score":0.8148999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ant-colony-optimization-algorithms","display_name":"Ant colony optimization algorithms","score":0.6689000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremal-optimization","display_name":"Extremal optimization","score":0.4058000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ant-colony","display_name":"Ant colony","score":0.3871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaheuristic","display_name":"Metaheuristic","score":0.30869999527931213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175859090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322212","display_name":"Travelling salesman problem","level":2,"score":0.8148999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40128228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q460851","display_name":"Ant colony optimization algorithms","level":2,"score":0.6689000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6636000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.6071000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188919014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422296","display_name":"Extremal optimization","level":4,"score":0.4058000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60891933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796575","display_name":"Ant colony","level":3,"score":0.3871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109718341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385229","display_name":"Metaheuristic","level":2,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52692508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333872","display_name":"Combinatorial optimization","level":2,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106472803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q291440","display_name":"2-opt","level":3,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7668213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4949085","display_name":"Bottleneck traveling salesman problem","level":3,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2026.115482","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2026.115482","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140556538","display_name":"Applied Soft Computing","issn_l":"1568-4946","issn":["1568-4946","1872-9681"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.49435681104660034}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1801849579","https://openalex.org/W1969186119","https://openalex.org/W1973044119","https://openalex.org/W1991867138","https://openalex.org/W2009803313","https://openalex.org/W2017708378","https://openalex.org/W2038893262","https://openalex.org/W2042986967","https://openalex.org/W2058748455","https://openalex.org/W2135149549","https://openalex.org/W2137042221","https://openalex.org/W2139059344","https://openalex.org/W2154929945","https://openalex.org/W2470013506","https://openalex.org/W2886940793","https://openalex.org/W2923850045","https://openalex.org/W3000154880","https://openalex.org/W3115222751","https://openalex.org/W3157599146","https://openalex.org/W3210360549","https://openalex.org/W4214585224","https://openalex.org/W4286567657","https://openalex.org/W4313485422","https://openalex.org/W4366779566","https://openalex.org/W4405347795"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-20T06:11:20.791850","created_date":"2026-05-18T00:00:00"}