{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154845343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2026.115281","title":"An encoder-only transformer model for predicting soil temperature from time series data","display_name":"An encoder-only transformer model for predicting soil temperature from time series data","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154845343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2026.115281"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2026.115281","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2026.115281","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140556538","display_name":"Applied Soft Computing","issn_l":"1568-4946","issn":["1568-4946","1872-9681"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028087578","display_name":"Mohammad Sadegh Barkhordari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0161-4488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I235686326","display_name":"Kerman University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxbqc24","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I235686326"]}],"countries":["CN","IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Sadegh Barkhordari","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicin, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616914115, Iran","School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicin, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616914115, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I235686326"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027393447","display_name":"Mohammad Mahdi Barkhordari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I235686326","display_name":"Kerman University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxbqc24","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I235686326"]}],"countries":["CN","IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Mahdi Barkhordari","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicin, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616914115, Iran","School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicin, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616914115, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I235686326"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133945005","display_name":"Chongchong Qi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chongchong Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5133945005"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"],"apc_list":{"value":3350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3350},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42992143,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"198","issue":null,"first_page":"115281","last_page":"115281"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.42910000681877136,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.42910000681877136,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10266","display_name":"Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics","score":0.20329999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.04830000177025795,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-absolute-error","display_name":"Mean absolute error","score":0.5809000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.5317999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.460099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-prediction-error","display_name":"Mean squared prediction error","score":0.45210000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/approximation-error","display_name":"Approximation error","score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watershed","display_name":"Watershed","score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.39570000767707825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188154048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803609","display_name":"Mean absolute error","level":3,"score":0.5809000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5378999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.5317999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.460099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167085575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803654","display_name":"Mean squared prediction error","level":2,"score":0.45210000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122383733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865920","display_name":"Approximation error","level":2,"score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150547873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947851","display_name":"Watershed","level":2,"score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.41130000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.4065000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.36739999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983363897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845339","display_name":"Air temperature","level":2,"score":0.34459999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.34279999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.301800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C607359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845339","display_name":"Atmospheric temperature","level":2,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42683663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3517834","display_name":"Mean radiant temperature","level":3,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2026.115281","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2026.115281","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140556538","display_name":"Applied Soft Computing","issn_l":"1568-4946","issn":["1568-4946","1872-9681"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49008074402809143,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5437729815","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22376221","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8182245697","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024JJ2074","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321514","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983732768","https://openalex.org/W2007856963","https://openalex.org/W2085866051","https://openalex.org/W2188767531","https://openalex.org/W2587649417","https://openalex.org/W2902947938","https://openalex.org/W2909567700","https://openalex.org/W2963137717","https://openalex.org/W2997600677","https://openalex.org/W3005106060","https://openalex.org/W3016043885","https://openalex.org/W3030251879","https://openalex.org/W3157440915","https://openalex.org/W3184418626","https://openalex.org/W3185410633","https://openalex.org/W4200513151","https://openalex.org/W4220807830","https://openalex.org/W4281956210","https://openalex.org/W4384470941","https://openalex.org/W4387072918","https://openalex.org/W4388591758","https://openalex.org/W4389684646","https://openalex.org/W4390264440","https://openalex.org/W4390935797","https://openalex.org/W4400668083","https://openalex.org/W4403480165","https://openalex.org/W4405633716","https://openalex.org/W4405799335","https://openalex.org/W4406281119","https://openalex.org/W4406492473","https://openalex.org/W4406852828","https://openalex.org/W4407853950","https://openalex.org/W4410161893","https://openalex.org/W4410773478","https://openalex.org/W4410905508","https://openalex.org/W4411093327"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-15T08:34:33.830935","created_date":"2026-04-19T00:00:00"}