{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131091787","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2026.114893","title":"Adaptive GWO-based controller for a 3-DOF lower limb rehabilitation exoskeleton with an innovative length adjustment mechanism","display_name":"Adaptive GWO-based controller for a 3-DOF lower limb rehabilitation exoskeleton with an innovative length adjustment mechanism","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131091787","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2026.114893"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2026.114893","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2026.114893","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140556538","display_name":"Applied Soft Computing","issn_l":"1568-4946","issn":["1568-4946","1872-9681"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123575213","display_name":"Muhammad Adel Yusuf","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Adel Yusuf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Control and Instrumentation Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Instrumentation Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120941465","display_name":"Sami El-Ferik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sami El-Ferik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Control and Instrumentation Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","Interdisciplinary Research Center for Smart Mobility and Logistics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Instrumentation Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Smart Mobility and Logistics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090544525","display_name":"Ali A. Nasir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5012-1562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Nasir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Control and Instrumentation Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Instrumentation Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126588193","display_name":"Abdul-Wahid A. Saif","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul-Wahid A. Saif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Control and Instrumentation Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","Interdisciplinary Research Center for Smart Mobility and Logistics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control and Instrumentation Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Smart Mobility and Logistics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090544525"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"],"apc_list":{"value":3350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3350},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52819664,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"193","issue":null,"first_page":"114893","last_page":"114893"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.8398000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.8398000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.12039999663829803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11518","display_name":"Cervical and Thoracic Myelopathy","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exoskeleton","display_name":"Exoskeleton","score":0.6572999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5781999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinematics","display_name":"Kinematics","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4943000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.45750001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pid-controller","display_name":"PID controller","score":0.4471000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.4246000051498413}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7285000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146549078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191944","display_name":"Exoskeleton","level":2,"score":0.6572999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5781999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4943000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.4634999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.45750001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.4471000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4246000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45391945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938523","display_name":"Powered exoskeleton","level":3,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.335999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523889960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160695","display_name":"Torso","level":2,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58581272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12741163","display_name":"Workspace","level":3,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775862927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7309766","display_name":"Rehabilitation robotics","level":3,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780945871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194274","display_name":"Backup","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2026.114893","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2026.114893","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140556538","display_name":"Applied Soft Computing","issn_l":"1568-4946","issn":["1568-4946","1872-9681"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Soft Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993189479","https://openalex.org/W2042760394","https://openalex.org/W2055478070","https://openalex.org/W2055989919","https://openalex.org/W2061438946","https://openalex.org/W2062824285","https://openalex.org/W2067012027","https://openalex.org/W2105236479","https://openalex.org/W2110478879","https://openalex.org/W2114282023","https://openalex.org/W2115138492","https://openalex.org/W2121264926","https://openalex.org/W2138459461","https://openalex.org/W2149218285","https://openalex.org/W2150710345","https://openalex.org/W2166869394","https://openalex.org/W2169664468","https://openalex.org/W2170274344","https://openalex.org/W2207294184","https://openalex.org/W2286218026","https://openalex.org/W2536765569","https://openalex.org/W2733817478","https://openalex.org/W2894477171","https://openalex.org/W2909895055","https://openalex.org/W2990997159","https://openalex.org/W3010663303","https://openalex.org/W3015931630","https://openalex.org/W3112148202","https://openalex.org/W3160540655","https://openalex.org/W3210859816","https://openalex.org/W3211702038","https://openalex.org/W4200155585","https://openalex.org/W4224300267","https://openalex.org/W4226148091","https://openalex.org/W4246183632","https://openalex.org/W4283791830","https://openalex.org/W4387216531","https://openalex.org/W4388895673","https://openalex.org/W4392002840","https://openalex.org/W4393526538","https://openalex.org/W4395463726","https://openalex.org/W4398221082","https://openalex.org/W4403483825","https://openalex.org/W4404490147","https://openalex.org/W4406800044"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-02-24T00:00:00"}
