{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4306955959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2022.102425","title":"Detecting 3D syndromic faces as outliers using unsupervised normalizing flow models","display_name":"Detecting 3D syndromic faces as outliers using unsupervised normalizing flow models","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4306955959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2022.102425","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36462895"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2022.102425","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2022.102425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42468263","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","issn_l":"0933-3657","issn":["0933-3657","1873-2860"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10949379/pdf/nihms-1967698.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067445392","display_name":"Jordan J. Bannister","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1088-5968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jordan J. Bannister","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. Electronic address: jordan.bannister@ucalgary.ca"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. Electronic address: jordan.bannister@ucalgary.ca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051753610","display_name":"Matthias Wilms","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8845-360X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802127220","display_name":"Alberta Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00sx29x36","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802127220"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Wilms","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics, Department of Community Health Sciences, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, Department of Community Health Sciences, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802127220","https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028562796","display_name":"J. David Aponte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1608-8612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. David Aponte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057661446","display_name":"David C. Katz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0827-5602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David C. Katz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017487346","display_name":"Ophir D. Klein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6254-7082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ophir D. Klein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007833631","display_name":"Fran\u00e7ois P. Bernier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7063-4269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802127220","display_name":"Alberta Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00sx29x36","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802127220"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francois P.J. Bernier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802127220","https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079793510","display_name":"Richard A. Spritz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8325-0026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921990950","display_name":"University of Colorado Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/02hh7en24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard A. Spritz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017527161","display_name":"Benedikt Hallgr\u00edmsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7192-9103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benedikt Hallgr\u00edmsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040728822","display_name":"Nils D. Forkert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2556-3224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802127220","display_name":"Alberta Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00sx29x36","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802127220"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nils D. Forkert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802127220","https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067445392"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"],"apc_list":{"value":3230,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3230},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7146,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70949649,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"134","issue":null,"first_page":"102425","last_page":"102425"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9264000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9264000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9031999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8894949555397034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7480831742286682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.7422991394996643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7169650793075562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.5677842497825623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5518178343772888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5468175411224365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.5098363757133484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5012187957763672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4532216787338257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.4251658320426941}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8894949555397034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7480831742286682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.7422991394996643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7169650793075562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5677842497825623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5518178343772888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5468175411224365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.5098363757133484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5012187957763672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4532216787338257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.4251658320426941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013577","descriptor_name":"Syndrome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013577","descriptor_name":"Syndrome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013577","descriptor_name":"Syndrome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013577","descriptor_name":"Syndrome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2022.102425","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2022.102425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42468263","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","issn_l":"0933-3657","issn":["0933-3657","1873-2860"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36462895","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36462895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial intelligence in medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10949379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10949379","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10949379/pdf/nihms-1967698.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Artif Intell Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9ht866qw","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9ht866qw","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10949379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10949379","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10949379/pdf/nihms-1967698.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Artif Intell Med","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5330440973","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U01-DE024440","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6343950453","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Health","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320994","funder_display_name":"Canada Research Chairs"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G919846122","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Chair","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320994","funder_display_name":"Canada Research Chairs"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313410","display_name":"Calgary Foundation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320994","display_name":"Canada Research Chairs","ror":"https://ror.org/0517h6h17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4306955959.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583837637","https://openalex.org/W1966326965","https://openalex.org/W1967378430","https://openalex.org/W2031599604","https://openalex.org/W2059028423","https://openalex.org/W2078737216","https://openalex.org/W2138956466","https://openalex.org/W2237250383","https://openalex.org/W2429856102","https://openalex.org/W2604524889","https://openalex.org/W2613076705","https://openalex.org/W2761974878","https://openalex.org/W2905441841","https://openalex.org/W2914304175","https://openalex.org/W2992005611","https://openalex.org/W2998024276","https://openalex.org/W3013557831","https://openalex.org/W3029892634","https://openalex.org/W3039156183","https://openalex.org/W3091943846","https://openalex.org/W3103453294","https://openalex.org/W3150807214","https://openalex.org/W3169104082","https://openalex.org/W3198409653","https://openalex.org/W3205597769","https://openalex.org/W6758691279","https://openalex.org/W6770847983","https://openalex.org/W6775845209","https://openalex.org/W6779506190","https://openalex.org/W6786116605","https://openalex.org/W6800657584"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2499612753","https://openalex.org/W3111802945","https://openalex.org/W2946096271","https://openalex.org/W2295423552","https://openalex.org/W1598471830","https://openalex.org/W3107369729","https://openalex.org/W4285233543","https://openalex.org/W4230838436","https://openalex.org/W4390662392","https://openalex.org/W71955863"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}