{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414108041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2025.104417","title":"Rethinking visual prompt learning as masked visual token modeling","display_name":"Rethinking visual prompt learning as masked visual token modeling","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414108041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2025.104417"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.artint.2025.104417","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2025.104417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111696111","display_name":"Ning Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3764-2555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ning Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3764-2555","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101614377","display_name":"Bowen Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9169-7055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bowen Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100614065","display_name":"Xiaopeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6337-5748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaopeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Inc., Shenzhen, 518129, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Inc., Shenzhen, 518129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035837633","display_name":"Min Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087158377","display_name":"Junchi Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9639-7679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junchi Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9639-7679","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100393506","display_name":"Qi Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7252-5047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qi Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Inc., Shenzhen, 518129, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Inc., Shenzhen, 518129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100393506","https://openalex.org/A5111696111"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930","https://openalex.org/I2250955327"],"apc_list":{"value":3670,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3670},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12041476,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"348","issue":null,"first_page":"104417","last_page":"104417"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.6445000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.5710999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.5630999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5486999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.541100025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.5084999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downstream","display_name":"Downstream (manufacturing)","score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.42890000343322754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7763000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.6445000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6075999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5710999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.5630999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5486999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.541100025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5084999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776207758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5303302","display_name":"Downstream (manufacturing)","level":2,"score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.42890000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.39419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779321571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936605","display_name":"Visual learning","level":2,"score":0.3797000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778251979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936617","display_name":"Visual processing","level":3,"score":0.34769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178253425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162668","display_name":"Visual perception","level":3,"score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65909025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1945033","display_name":"Monocular","level":2,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779668609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623092","display_name":"Rapid serial visual presentation","level":3,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780330621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936609","display_name":"Visual modeling","level":4,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28006648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934509","display_name":"Multi-task learning","level":3,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780103172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1309721","display_name":"Visual Objects","level":3,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.artint.2025.104417","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2025.104417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G187169856","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62222607","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2360824419","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002252","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5465080215","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021SHZDZX0102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","ror":"https://ror.org/03kt66j61"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2592962403","https://openalex.org/W2594481151","https://openalex.org/W2599674900","https://openalex.org/W2899575547","https://openalex.org/W2945260553","https://openalex.org/W2964194231","https://openalex.org/W2970597249","https://openalex.org/W3004346089","https://openalex.org/W3035060554","https://openalex.org/W3044438666","https://openalex.org/W3101118213","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3176456866","https://openalex.org/W3183859557","https://openalex.org/W3185341429","https://openalex.org/W3198377975","https://openalex.org/W4205807230","https://openalex.org/W4206174637","https://openalex.org/W4233907442","https://openalex.org/W4236965008","https://openalex.org/W4238846128","https://openalex.org/W4239019441","https://openalex.org/W4249502209","https://openalex.org/W4252959399","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4312091889","https://openalex.org/W4365799947","https://openalex.org/W4386187806","https://openalex.org/W4386221015","https://openalex.org/W4388266798","https://openalex.org/W4399391317","https://openalex.org/W4401109685","https://openalex.org/W4401633581","https://openalex.org/W4405907214"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4388335561","https://openalex.org/W2970530566","https://openalex.org/W4288261899","https://openalex.org/W4307309205","https://openalex.org/W2967478618","https://openalex.org/W4385009901","https://openalex.org/W4385572700"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-20T17:24:06.736184","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}