{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164007335","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100987","title":"A survey of machine unlearning for electric power systems: From privacy compliance to resilient grid operations","display_name":"A survey of machine unlearning for electric power systems: From privacy compliance to resilient grid operations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164007335","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100987"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.array.2026.100987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194039","display_name":"Array","issn_l":"2590-0056","issn":["2590-0056"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Array","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100987","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044442361","display_name":"Khaled Chahine","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3100-1869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803079837","display_name":"American University of the Middle East","ror":"https://ror.org/02gqgne03","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803079837"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Khaled Chahine","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3100-1869","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803079837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138258120","display_name":"Georges Zakka El Nashef","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9297-0028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803079837","display_name":"American University of the Middle East","ror":"https://ror.org/02gqgne03","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803079837"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georges Zakka El Nashef","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9297-0028","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803079837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113008656","display_name":"Abdelkarim Abdelkarim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803079837","display_name":"American University of the Middle East","ror":"https://ror.org/02gqgne03","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803079837"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdel Karim Abdel Karim","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4390-9858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803079837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019935784","display_name":"Marc Al Atem","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803079837","display_name":"American University of the Middle East","ror":"https://ror.org/02gqgne03","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803079837"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Al Atem","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4421-3628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803079837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138264179","display_name":"Hassan N. Noura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2589-5053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98635879","display_name":"American University of Beirut","ror":"https://ror.org/04pznsd21","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98635879"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan N. Noura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2589-5053","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98635879"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047930195","display_name":"Mohamad Arnaout","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2819-9432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803079837","display_name":"American University of the Middle East","ror":"https://ror.org/02gqgne03","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803079837"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamad Arnaout","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2819-9432","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803079837"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044442361"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803079837"],"apc_list":{"value":1420,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1420},"apc_paid":{"value":1420,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1420},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67535016,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":null,"first_page":"100987","last_page":"100987"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.6449000239372253,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.6449000239372253,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.09610000252723694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.042399998754262924,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-grid","display_name":"Power grid","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compliance","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","score":0.48010000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.4724999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4677000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-protection","display_name":"Privacy protection","score":0.412200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power","display_name":"Electric power","score":0.4066999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.32760000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983254600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096907","display_name":"Power grid","level":3,"score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5584999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48010000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.47279998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.4724999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4677000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017597292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25052250","display_name":"Privacy protection","level":2,"score":0.412200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40293303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27137","display_name":"Electric power","level":3,"score":0.4066999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3095000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.array.2026.100987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194039","display_name":"Array","issn_l":"2590-0056","issn":["2590-0056"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Array","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.array.2026.100987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194039","display_name":"Array","issn_l":"2590-0056","issn":["2590-0056"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Array","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5803065896034241,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":99,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W45308641","https://openalex.org/W1981029888","https://openalex.org/W1981829062","https://openalex.org/W2074006684","https://openalex.org/W2319578877","https://openalex.org/W2339692567","https://openalex.org/W2345160800","https://openalex.org/W2346626892","https://openalex.org/W2604131396","https://openalex.org/W2623059953","https://openalex.org/W2754529701","https://openalex.org/W2765325683","https://openalex.org/W2788388592","https://openalex.org/W2806590860","https://openalex.org/W2896272285","https://openalex.org/W2897402786","https://openalex.org/W2972049298","https://openalex.org/W2987760077","https://openalex.org/W2993467838","https://openalex.org/W2999115406","https://openalex.org/W3000073243","https://openalex.org/W3004426716","https://openalex.org/W3004986760","https://openalex.org/W3087775622","https://openalex.org/W3106559595","https://openalex.org/W3119036516","https://openalex.org/W3154155772","https://openalex.org/W3163228571","https://openalex.org/W3173165409","https://openalex.org/W3175430527","https://openalex.org/W3200246030","https://openalex.org/W3209576002","https://openalex.org/W3210178042","https://openalex.org/W4205120230","https://openalex.org/W4205808949","https://openalex.org/W4210773713","https://openalex.org/W4220722633","https://openalex.org/W4286256876","https://openalex.org/W4286586955","https://openalex.org/W4293009556","https://openalex.org/W4315629933","https://openalex.org/W4360596164","https://openalex.org/W4362583796","https://openalex.org/W4362714589","https://openalex.org/W4364359658","https://openalex.org/W4367147018","https://openalex.org/W4372329837","https://openalex.org/W4376630922","https://openalex.org/W4378977066","https://openalex.org/W4382239683","https://openalex.org/W4383958444","https://openalex.org/W4385454815","https://openalex.org/W4385983555","https://openalex.org/W4387464480","https://openalex.org/W4387986864","https://openalex.org/W4388221731","https://openalex.org/W4388687774","https://openalex.org/W4390547604","https://openalex.org/W4390571451","https://openalex.org/W4391850788","https://openalex.org/W4391974509","https://openalex.org/W4392091061","https://openalex.org/W4392389605","https://openalex.org/W4392506975","https://openalex.org/W4392775859","https://openalex.org/W4392867353","https://openalex.org/W4392908036","https://openalex.org/W4393102100","https://openalex.org/W4393147285","https://openalex.org/W4393183938","https://openalex.org/W4393949035","https://openalex.org/W4394595144","https://openalex.org/W4394761749","https://openalex.org/W4396542509","https://openalex.org/W4396857707","https://openalex.org/W4399906580","https://openalex.org/W4400770731","https://openalex.org/W4402262050","https://openalex.org/W4403074418","https://openalex.org/W4403817196","https://openalex.org/W4403875615","https://openalex.org/W4405935044","https://openalex.org/W4406163678","https://openalex.org/W4406534632","https://openalex.org/W4406612792","https://openalex.org/W4406617685","https://openalex.org/W4407661798","https://openalex.org/W4408430433","https://openalex.org/W4408792051","https://openalex.org/W4408795498","https://openalex.org/W4410002359","https://openalex.org/W4410166681","https://openalex.org/W4410493901","https://openalex.org/W4411270140","https://openalex.org/W4413453507","https://openalex.org/W4414692030","https://openalex.org/W4415282445","https://openalex.org/W4415663990","https://openalex.org/W4415707256"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,223],"increasing":[1],"reliance":[2],"on":[3],"machine":[4],"learning":[5],"(ML)":[6],"in":[7,18,45,77,89,246],"electric":[8],"power":[9,47,78,163],"systems":[10],"for":[11,72,138,203],"forecasting,":[12],"control,":[13],"and":[14,22,67,84,99,105,113,127,155,180,190,197,217,243],"security":[15],"raises":[16],"challenges":[17,130],"data":[19,32,80,125],"governance,":[20],"privacy,":[21,241],"resilience.":[23],"Machine":[24],"unlearning":[25,101,177],"(MU),":[26],"the":[27,46,117],"selective":[28],"erasure":[29],"of":[30,97,120,144,172],"training":[31],"influence":[33],"without":[34],"full":[35],"retraining,":[36],"offers":[37],"a":[38,54,95,210,219,231,235],"promising":[39],"solution":[40],"but":[41],"remains":[42],"largely":[43],"unexplored":[44],"sector.":[48],"We":[49,158],"bridge":[50,195],"this":[51],"gap":[52],"with":[53,214],"domain-focused,":[55],"comprehensive":[56],"survey":[57],"that":[58,239],"translates":[59],"MU":[60,91,129,160,229],"advances":[61],"from":[62,150,230],"healthcare,":[63],"finance,":[64],"social":[65],"media,":[66],"IoT":[68],"into":[69,234],"actionable":[70],"guidance":[71],"grid":[73,139],"operators,":[74],"addressing":[75],"constraints":[76],"system":[79,164],"streams,":[81],"regulatory":[82,156],"frameworks,":[83],"operational":[85,186,244],"requirements":[86],"not":[87],"examined":[88],"prior":[90],"literature.":[92],"After":[93],"distilling":[94],"taxonomy":[96],"exact":[98],"approximate":[100,121],"techniques,":[102],"verification":[103],"metrics,":[104],"differential":[106],"privacy":[107],"extensions,":[108],"we":[109,199],"critically":[110],"analyze":[111],"trade-offs":[112],"failure":[114,153],"modes,":[115],"including":[116],"demonstrated":[118],"inability":[119],"methods":[122],"to":[123,132,161,227],"remove":[124],"poisoning,":[126],"examine":[128],"specific":[131],"large":[133],"language":[134],"models":[135],"increasingly":[136],"deployed":[137],"intelligence.":[140],"A":[141],"critical":[142],"appraisal":[143],"cross-domain":[145],"transferability":[146],"reveals":[147],"barriers":[148],"stemming":[149],"latency":[151],"requirements,":[152],"consequences,":[154],"mismatches.":[157],"map":[159],"four":[162],"use":[165],"cases:":[166],"GDPR/CCPA-compliant":[167],"smart":[168],"meter":[169],"erasure,":[170],"removal":[171],"poisoned":[173],"SCADA/PMU":[174],"data,":[175],"federated":[176],"across":[178],"utilities,":[179],"real-time":[181],"model":[182],"adaptation,":[183],"supported":[184],"by":[185],"scenarios,":[187],"concrete":[188],"specifications,":[189],"quantified":[191],"performance":[192],"trade-offs.":[193],"To":[194],"theory":[196],"practice,":[198],"identify":[200],"algorithmic":[201],"families":[202],"online":[204],"MU,":[205],"formalize":[206],"speed\u2013stability":[207],"trade-offs,":[208],"define":[209],"tiered":[211],"certification":[212],"framework":[213],"compliance":[215],"workflows,":[216],"specify":[218],"blockchain-based":[220],"audit":[221],"architecture.":[222],"intended":[224],"outcome":[225],"is":[226],"convert":[228],"theoretical":[232],"safeguard":[233],"verifiable,":[236],"standards-ready":[237],"tool":[238],"strengthens":[240],"cybersecurity,":[242],"resilience":[245],"next-generation":[247],"grids.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-06-10T00:00:00"}
