{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161310285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100894","title":"Framework for adaptive intelligent multi-classification and segmentation of dental caries classes and oral diseases","display_name":"Framework for adaptive intelligent multi-classification and segmentation of dental caries classes and oral diseases","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161310285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100894"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.array.2026.100894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194039","display_name":"Array","issn_l":"2590-0056","issn":["2590-0056"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Array","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100894","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136252853","display_name":"R.C. Radha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1389-4624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11880225","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Karnataka","ror":"https://ror.org/01hz4v948","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801004183","display_name":"Temple College","ror":"https://ror.org/038s1ax16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801004183"]}],"countries":["IN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R.C. Radha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bull Temple Road, Bengaluru -560019, KA, India","Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1389-4624","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, B.M.S. College of Engineering, Bull Temple Road, Bengaluru -560019, KA, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801004183"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050452086","display_name":"B. Raghavendra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11880225","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Karnataka","ror":"https://ror.org/01hz4v948","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B.S. Raghavendra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136190733","display_name":"Seema Patil","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113629","display_name":"D A Pandu Memorial RV Dental College and Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01ng2wp34","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113629"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seema Patil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, DAPM R V Dental College, Bengaluru, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, DAPM R V Dental College, Bengaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113629"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136257889","display_name":"K.R. Vijayalakshmi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132308339","display_name":"Government Dental College & Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/028qd3f30","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I286135121","https://openalex.org/I3132308339"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K.R. Vijayalakshmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132308339"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007371983","display_name":"A. V. Narasimhadhan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11880225","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Karnataka","ror":"https://ror.org/01hz4v948","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.V. Narasimhadhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11880225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5136252853"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11880225","https://openalex.org/I2801004183"],"apc_list":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"apc_paid":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73561715,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"100894","last_page":"100894"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.5906999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.5906999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10368","display_name":"Dental Health and Care Utilization","score":0.05620000138878822,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3506","display_name":"Periodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.024000000208616257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oral-health","display_name":"Oral health","score":0.25600001215934753}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5058000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3377000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992672162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Oral health","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.23499999940395355}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.array.2026.100894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194039","display_name":"Array","issn_l":"2590-0056","issn":["2590-0056"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Array","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2746b5ca526d4784938b2ab81e7aa430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2746b5ca526d4784938b2ab81e7aa430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Array, Vol 30, Iss , Pp 100894- (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.array.2026.100894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194039","display_name":"Array","issn_l":"2590-0056","issn":["2590-0056"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Array","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.4606543183326721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2973552874","https://openalex.org/W3116668143","https://openalex.org/W4295423240","https://openalex.org/W4309663439","https://openalex.org/W4312112335","https://openalex.org/W4313215855","https://openalex.org/W4313321170","https://openalex.org/W4319225594","https://openalex.org/W4376645477","https://openalex.org/W4380730605","https://openalex.org/W4383340803","https://openalex.org/W4385346231","https://openalex.org/W4386569552","https://openalex.org/W4386608905","https://openalex.org/W4386932060","https://openalex.org/W4387046219","https://openalex.org/W4390750396","https://openalex.org/W4391385552","https://openalex.org/W4391470880","https://openalex.org/W4394685000","https://openalex.org/W4394817448","https://openalex.org/W4399389359","https://openalex.org/W4403732668","https://openalex.org/W4407338265","https://openalex.org/W4408137980","https://openalex.org/W4409054257","https://openalex.org/W4410052509","https://openalex.org/W4410717018","https://openalex.org/W4413010123","https://openalex.org/W4415224381"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Oral":[0],"disease":[1,131,135],"prediction":[2,55],"models":[3,19],"based":[4],"on":[5,128],"artificial":[6],"intelligence":[7,97],"have":[8],"been":[9],"highly":[10],"popularized":[11],"recently":[12],"within":[13],"healthcare-related":[14],"applications.":[15],"Nevertheless,":[16],"most":[17,109],"available":[18],"still":[20],"suffer":[21],"from":[22,86],"inadequate":[23],"feature":[24,193],"selection,":[25],"overfitting,":[26],"high":[27,150],"computational":[28],"complexity,":[29],"and":[30,56,78,90,120,155,164,174,195],"reduced":[31],"predictive":[32],"accuracy":[33],"in":[34,58,81],"high-dimensional":[35],"health":[36],"datasets.":[37],"To":[38],"address":[39],"the":[40,59,65,73,95,103,108,138,146,177,180,188],"aforementioned":[41],"issues,":[42],"an":[43,129],"innovative":[44],"Orangutan":[45],"eXtreme":[46],"Gradient":[47],"Prediction":[48],"(OXGP)":[49],"scheme":[50],"is":[51,69,115],"introduced":[52],"for":[53,106,203],"successful":[54],"classification":[57,196],"field":[60],"of":[61,75,159,179,206],"oral":[62,130,207],"diseases.":[63,208],"At":[64],"first":[66],"stage,":[67],"preprocessing":[68],"carried":[70],"out":[71],"with":[72,157],"help":[74],"Gaussian":[76],"filter":[77],"min-max":[79],"normalization":[80],"order":[82],"to":[83,117,143],"minimize":[84],"noise":[85],"images.":[87],"Secondly,":[88],"exploration":[89],"exploitation":[91],"behaviors,":[92],"inspired":[93],"by":[94,102],"orangutans'":[96],"while":[98],"foraging,":[99],"are":[100],"used":[101],"OOA":[104],"algorithm":[105],"choosing":[107],"useful":[110],"feature.":[111],"Moreover,":[112,167],"L2":[113],"regularization":[114],"employed":[116],"avoid":[118],"overfitting":[119],"increase":[121],"generalizability.":[122],"The":[123,183],"OXGP":[124,147,189],"method":[125],"was":[126],"tested":[127],"dataset":[132],"comprising":[133],"several":[134],"types":[136],"using":[137],"same":[139],"experimental":[140,144],"setup.":[141],"According":[142],"results,":[145],"approach":[148],"achieved":[149],"accuracy,":[151],"precision,":[152],"recall,":[153],"F1-score,":[154],"AUC,":[156],"values":[158],"97.36%,":[160],"96.92%,":[161],"96.41%,":[162],"96.66%,":[163],"98.11%,":[165],"respectively.":[166],"statistical":[168],"testing":[169],"through":[170],"confidence":[171],"interval":[172],"analysis":[173],"p-value":[175],"revealed":[176],"significance":[178],"suggested":[181],"technique.":[182],"results":[184],"clearly":[185],"show":[186],"that":[187],"framework":[190],"significantly":[191],"enhances":[192],"selection":[194],"performance,":[197],"thereby":[198],"providing":[199],"a":[200],"promising":[201],"technique":[202],"intelligent":[204],"diagnosis":[205]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-14T06:11:07.267592","created_date":"2026-05-16T00:00:00"}