{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160646797","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100866","title":"TCA\u00b2: A minimum-assurance time\u2013control framework for GNSS-challenged indoor regions under degraded hybrid links: Integrity-driven arbitration, graceful degradation, and hybrid LF/packet dissemination","display_name":"TCA\u00b2: A minimum-assurance time\u2013control framework for GNSS-challenged indoor regions under degraded hybrid links: Integrity-driven arbitration, graceful degradation, and hybrid LF/packet dissemination","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160646797","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100866"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.array.2026.100866","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194039","display_name":"Array","issn_l":"2590-0056","issn":["2590-0056"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Array","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100866","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135640243","display_name":"Hui Dengfeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1908-6524"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dengfeng Hui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1908-6524","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103151508","display_name":"Shamala Subramaniam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9606-2120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shamala K. Subramaniam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049014610","display_name":"L C Abdullah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lili Nurliyana binti Abdullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8704-2390","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122766486","display_name":"Abdullah bin Muhammed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah bin Muhammed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0088-7073","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135638131","display_name":"Liu Hongyan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6361-5925"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6361-5925","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135654905","display_name":"Miao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9008-1259"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9008-1259","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135671892","display_name":"Wang Zijun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3630-0453"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zijun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3630-0453","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135677570","display_name":"Hui Yuchun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3230-1389"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchun Hui","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3230-1389","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100694511","display_name":"Junyu Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junyu Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9843-5239","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121896286","display_name":"ZhongLiang LIU","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongliang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4077-6784","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"apc_paid":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87854038,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"100866","last_page":"100866"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.5116999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.5116999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.09529999643564224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.05939999967813492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-system","display_name":"Hybrid system","score":0.3361999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.25200000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.24779999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.2418999969959259}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6036999821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.39660000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50897621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665508","display_name":"Hybrid system","level":2,"score":0.3361999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.24779999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2418999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.23739999532699585}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.array.2026.100866","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194039","display_name":"Array","issn_l":"2590-0056","issn":["2590-0056"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Array","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.array.2026.100866","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194039","display_name":"Array","issn_l":"2590-0056","issn":["2590-0056"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Array","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2288632536","https://openalex.org/W2331714155","https://openalex.org/W2332630870","https://openalex.org/W2499400668","https://openalex.org/W2525332113","https://openalex.org/W2885330389","https://openalex.org/W4223438888","https://openalex.org/W4247714939","https://openalex.org/W4254053820","https://openalex.org/W4297549402","https://openalex.org/W4312928424","https://openalex.org/W4318049614","https://openalex.org/W4379744182","https://openalex.org/W4389158911"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"GNSS-challenged":[0,285],"indoor":[1,286],"and":[2,36,93,104,188,239,278,288,306,334,370,406],"infrastructure-poor":[3],"deployments":[4],"often":[5],"require":[6],"not":[7,254,325],"only":[8,138],"defensible":[9],"timekeeping":[10],"but":[11,263],"also":[12],"a":[13,28,76,97,169,195,265,292,298],"minimum":[14],"auditable":[15,276,330],"degree":[16],"of":[17,185],"low-rate":[18,289],"coordination":[19,290],"under":[20,205,339],"degraded":[21],"links.":[22],"We":[23],"present":[24],"TCA":[25,82,282],"2":[26,83,283],",":[27],"contract-first":[29],"framework":[30],"that":[31,269],"makes":[32],"both":[33],"time":[34,125,272],"acceptance":[35,39,304],"minimal":[37,66,314],"control":[38,67,134],"decidable":[40],"from":[41,203,313,385],"operational":[42],"evidence.":[43,146,280,375],"Time":[44,303],"is":[45,68,136,149,319,353],"accepted":[46,69],"when":[47,70],"scheduled":[48],"endpoint":[49],"observations":[50],"remain":[51],"within":[52,75],"tolerance":[53],"\u03b8":[54],"with":[55,90,144,210],"availability":[56],"A(\u03b8)":[57,305],"meeting":[58],"the":[59,160,175],"declared":[60],"Service":[61],"Assurance":[62,79],"Level":[63],"(SAL)":[64],"target;":[65],"deadline-bounded":[71],"commands":[72],"attain":[73],"R(\u0394)":[74,310],"Minimal":[77],"Control":[78],"Set":[80],"(MCAS).":[81],"couples":[84],"(i)":[85],"integrity-driven":[86],"arbitration":[87],"across":[88],"GNSS/NTP/LF":[89],"explicit":[91],"holdover":[92],"logged":[94],"transitions,":[95],"(ii)":[96],"timecode-agnostic":[98],"adapter":[99,156,358],"for":[100,127,139],"national":[101],"LF":[102,110,121,207,212,380],"profiles,":[103],"(iii)":[105],"hybrid":[106],"dissemination":[107],"over":[108,246,413],"one-way":[109],"paths":[111,122],"plus":[112],"an":[113,182],"optional":[114],"bidirectional":[115],"packet":[116],"path.":[117],"In":[118,198,377],"this":[119],"architecture,":[120],"preserve":[123],"resilient":[124],"continuity":[126],"legacy":[128,165,363],"or":[129,260,324,341],"weakest-observability":[130,362],"endpoints,":[131,364],"whereas":[132],"deadline-audited":[133],"attainment":[135,309],"evaluated":[137],"packet-connected":[140],"Path":[141],"C":[142],"endpoints":[143],"ACK/CONFIRM":[145],"The":[147,251,351],"evaluation":[148,352],"layered":[150],"rather":[151,296],"than":[152,297],"monolithic:":[153],"DS-1":[154,356],"establishes":[155],"portability;":[157],"DS-2":[158,360],"evaluates":[159],"time-service":[161],"contract":[162,268],"on":[163],"30":[164,231,397],"display-only":[166],"clocks":[167],"in":[168,194,218,255,264,393],"four-week":[170],"single-building":[171],"trial;":[172],"DS-3":[173,365],"grounds":[174,366],"evidence":[176,193,315,318,368],"workflow":[177],"at":[178,220],"field":[179],"scale":[180],"through":[181],"anonymized":[183],"footprint":[184],"\u22487.85k":[186],"terminals;":[187],"DS-4":[189,371],"demonstrates":[190,372],"packet-plane":[191,307,373],"minimal-control":[192,308,374],"controlled":[196],"testbed.":[197],"DS-2,":[199,378],"audited":[200,383],"synchronization":[201,300,384],"improves":[202],"\u223c0.70":[204,386],"tower-only":[206],"to":[208,387],"0.93\u20131.00":[209],"local":[211,379],"augmentation,":[213],"reaching":[214,389],"1.00":[215,390],"after":[216,391],"stabilization;":[217,392],"DS-4,":[219,394],"\u0394":[221,226,395],"(":[222,227,234,241,401,408],"ACK":[223,235,402],")":[224,229,236,243,403,410],"=":[225,230,237,244,396,404,411],"M":[228,242,409],"s,":[232],"R":[233,240,400,407],"0.997":[238,405],"0.965":[245,412],"593":[247,414],"issued":[248],"MCAS":[249,335,415],"commands.":[250,416],"contribution":[252],"lies":[253],"any":[256],"single":[257],"underlying":[258],"carrier":[259],"protocol":[261],"primitive,":[262],"unified":[266],"assurance":[267],"combines":[270],"multi-source":[271],"arbitration,":[273],"minimum-control":[274],"preservation,":[275],"degradation,":[277],"offline-recomputable":[279],"\u2022":[281,302,327,350,376],"frames":[284],"timing":[287],"as":[291,322],"minimum-assurance":[293],"time\u2013control":[294],"contract,":[295],"best-effort":[299],"problem.":[301],"are":[311,337],"recomputable":[312],"logs;":[316],"missing":[317],"treated":[320],"conservatively":[321],"unavailable":[323],"attained.":[326],"SAL/MCAS":[328],"provide":[329],"graceful":[331],"degradation:":[332],"TIME_STATE":[333],"traffic":[336,346],"preserved":[338],"integrity":[340],"capacity":[342],"stress,":[343],"while":[344],"non-MCAS":[345],"may":[347],"be":[348],"deferred.":[349],"explicitly":[354],"layered:":[355],"validates":[357],"portability,":[359],"tests":[361],"field-scale":[367],"workflow,":[369],"augmentation":[381],"raises":[382],"0.93\u20131.00,":[388],"s":[398],"yields":[399]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-05-09T00:00:00"}