{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160233213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100863","title":"A high-capacity image steganography based on random separate hashing data structure with secure CHACHA20-DRBG and AES encryption algorithms","display_name":"A high-capacity image steganography based on random separate hashing data structure with secure CHACHA20-DRBG and AES encryption algorithms","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160233213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100863"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.array.2026.100863","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194039","display_name":"Array","issn_l":"2590-0056","issn":["2590-0056"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Array","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100863","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107821046","display_name":"Murad Njoum","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94800806","display_name":"Birzeit University","ror":"https://ror.org/0256kw398","country_code":"PS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94800806"]}],"countries":["MY","PS"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Murad Njoum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Cyber Security, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia","Computer Science and Cyber Security, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, BirZeit University, P.O.Box 14, BirZeit, Ramallah, Palestine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0142-6106","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Cyber Security, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Cyber Security, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, BirZeit University, P.O.Box 14, BirZeit, Ramallah, Palestine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94800806"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056205231","display_name":"Rossilawati Sulaiman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4049-5939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rossilawati Sulaiman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Cyber Security, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Cyber Security, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027418901","display_name":"Zarina Shukur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1096-5354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zarina Shukur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Cyber Security, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Cyber Security, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135409487","display_name":"Faizan Qamar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Faizan Qamar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Cyber Security, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Cyber Security, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5107821046","https://openalex.org/A5135409487"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172","https://openalex.org/I94800806"],"apc_list":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"apc_paid":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63396995,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"100863","last_page":"100863"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.7470999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.7470999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.16120000183582306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13731","display_name":"Advanced Computing and Algorithms","score":0.00570000009611249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.5501999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.4934000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4546000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.37070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-security","display_name":"Data security","score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-permutation","display_name":"Random permutation","score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-structure","display_name":"Data structure","score":0.33320000767707825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.5501999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5171999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.4934000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4546000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.37070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200985842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3375503","display_name":"Random permutation","level":3,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.33320000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32190001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2221639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2877","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","level":3,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94520183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190746","display_name":"Advanced Encryption Standard","level":3,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.array.2026.100863","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194039","display_name":"Array","issn_l":"2590-0056","issn":["2590-0056"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Array","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.array.2026.100863","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194039","display_name":"Array","issn_l":"2590-0056","issn":["2590-0056"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Array","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6364747881889343}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322699","display_name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2059019537","https://openalex.org/W2123170991","https://openalex.org/W2192227561","https://openalex.org/W2322622188","https://openalex.org/W2621048556","https://openalex.org/W2969585684","https://openalex.org/W3021237499","https://openalex.org/W3046549894","https://openalex.org/W3048862016","https://openalex.org/W3088845203","https://openalex.org/W3096281486","https://openalex.org/W3122311785","https://openalex.org/W3129118101","https://openalex.org/W3131599470","https://openalex.org/W3135333817","https://openalex.org/W3152506489","https://openalex.org/W3155501021","https://openalex.org/W3205859035","https://openalex.org/W4214831294","https://openalex.org/W4220848340","https://openalex.org/W4224247744","https://openalex.org/W4280593152","https://openalex.org/W4281692724","https://openalex.org/W4282018642","https://openalex.org/W4283032400","https://openalex.org/W4294609038","https://openalex.org/W4309848427","https://openalex.org/W4311373256","https://openalex.org/W4323266314","https://openalex.org/W4324093415","https://openalex.org/W4361007977","https://openalex.org/W4380742891","https://openalex.org/W4383423838","https://openalex.org/W4385379950","https://openalex.org/W4386289657","https://openalex.org/W4387609287","https://openalex.org/W4388638093","https://openalex.org/W4389639071","https://openalex.org/W4390145439","https://openalex.org/W4391746433","https://openalex.org/W4391998983","https://openalex.org/W4392062867","https://openalex.org/W4392062868","https://openalex.org/W4392126508","https://openalex.org/W4392235939","https://openalex.org/W4392768294","https://openalex.org/W4393315230","https://openalex.org/W4399365500","https://openalex.org/W4401400039","https://openalex.org/W4401900947","https://openalex.org/W4402284998","https://openalex.org/W4402447877","https://openalex.org/W4402580363","https://openalex.org/W4402727293","https://openalex.org/W4402901704","https://openalex.org/W4403126268","https://openalex.org/W4403600525","https://openalex.org/W4404054110","https://openalex.org/W4404206998","https://openalex.org/W4404704192","https://openalex.org/W4405719025","https://openalex.org/W4405782126","https://openalex.org/W4408401113","https://openalex.org/W4408803305","https://openalex.org/W4409126978","https://openalex.org/W4412446673","https://openalex.org/W4413155479","https://openalex.org/W4414521349","https://openalex.org/W4415274582","https://openalex.org/W4416067600"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Data":[0],"transmission":[1],"over":[2],"digital":[3],"channels":[4,120,164],"remains":[5],"a":[6,43,81,144,180,184],"significant":[7],"challenge,":[8],"especially":[9],"given":[10],"the":[11,27,71,74,108,114,124,129,135,139,152,158,162,198],"complex":[12],"techniques":[13,21],"available":[14],"for":[15],"steganalysis.":[16,39],"Existing":[17],"random-pixel":[18],"selection":[19,83],"steganography":[20,49],"require":[22],"sharing":[23],"seed":[24,87],"keys":[25],"with":[26,50,80,167],"recipient":[28],"and":[29,36,54,61,73,123,138,174,210,223,240,245],"involve":[30],"trade-offs":[31],"among":[32],"embedding":[33,216,235],"capacity,":[34],"imperceptibility,":[35],"resistance":[37],"to":[38,46,97,196],"This":[40,190],"study":[41],"presents":[42],"novel":[44],"approach":[45,84],"secure":[47],"image":[48,137],"high":[51],"data-carrying":[52],"capacity":[53,104,217],"encryption,":[55],"based":[56],"on":[57],"an":[58,215],"AVL":[59],"tree":[60],"separate":[62,145],"hashing":[63,99],"data":[64,90],"structures.":[65],"The":[66,101,132,171,232],"proposed":[67],"hash-based":[68],"framework":[69],"incorporates":[70],"ChaCha20-DRBG":[72],"Advanced":[75],"Encryption":[76],"Standard":[77],"(AES)":[78],"techniques,":[79],"pixel-randomness":[82],"that":[85],"avoids":[86],"sharing.":[88],"Secret":[89],"bits":[91],"are":[92,121,155,177],"embedded":[93,156],"in":[94,157,179],"pixels":[95,166],"mapped":[96],"their":[98],"index.":[100],"cover":[102,136],"image's":[103,116],"increases":[105],"by":[106,183],"leveraging":[107],"hash":[109,125,146,169],"index":[110,176,187],"during":[111],"concealment,":[112],"preserving":[113],"stego":[115,199,209],"visual":[117],"quality.":[118],"RGB":[119,163],"extracted,":[122],"is":[126,194,202],"derived":[127],"from":[128],"green":[130],"channel.":[131],"sender":[133],"selects":[134],"secret":[140,153],"payload,":[141],"then":[142,203],"generates":[143],"table.":[147],"Two":[148],"encrypted":[149],"bytes":[150],"of":[151,161,186,218],"message":[154],"4":[159],"LSBs":[160],"at":[165],"distinct":[168],"indices.":[170],"altered":[172],"pixel":[173,192],"its":[175],"tracked":[178],"list,":[181],"supplemented":[182],"list":[185,193],"sequence":[188],"numbers.":[189],"organized":[191],"used":[195],"reconstruct":[197],"image,":[200],"which":[201],"publicly":[204],"transmitted.":[205],"Recovery":[206],"requires":[207],"both":[208],"cryptographic":[211],"keys.":[212],"Experiments":[213],"confirm":[214],"0.5":[219],"bpp,":[220],"strong":[221],"security,":[222],"imperceptibility":[224],"(PSNR":[225],">51":[226],"dB,":[227],"LPIPS":[228],"<0.0143347,":[229],"FID":[230],"<1.030718).":[231],"method":[233],"obfuscates":[234],"traces":[236],"against":[237],"CNN":[238],"detectors":[239],"resists":[241],"XuNet,":[242],"YeNet,":[243],"ZhuNet,":[244],"SiaStegNet.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-18T08:10:14.011955","created_date":"2026-05-06T00:00:00"}
