{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416888989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100794","title":"Exploiting multiple representations: 3D face biometrics fusion with application to surveillance","display_name":"Exploiting multiple representations: 3D face biometrics fusion with application to surveillance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416888989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100794"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.array.2026.100794","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100794","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194039","display_name":"Array","issn_l":"2590-0056","issn":["2590-0056"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Array","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100794","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025291414","display_name":"Simone Maurizio La Cava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6344-1845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Simone Maurizio La Cava","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6344-1845","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048108457","display_name":"Roberto Casula","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3810-5935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Casula","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079374252","display_name":"Sara Concas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8114-0686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Concas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046601560","display_name":"Giulia Orr\u00f9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7802-2483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giulia Orr\u00f9","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009955709","display_name":"Rub\u00e9n Tolosana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9393-3066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63634437","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/01cby8j38","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruben Tolosana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016379550","display_name":"Martin Drahansk\u00fd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9321-7385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119964","display_name":"Police Academy of the Czech Republic in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/02h92td50","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119964"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Drahansky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Police Academy of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Police Academy of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119964"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068081385","display_name":"Juli\u00e1n Fi\u00e9rrez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6343-5656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63634437","display_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/01cby8j38","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Fierrez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63634437"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002366419","display_name":"Gian Luca Marcialis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8719-9643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gian Luca Marcialis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025291414"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"apc_list":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"apc_paid":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00722419,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"100794","last_page":"100794"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.7782999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.7782999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.12870000302791595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.04280000180006027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.8058000206947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.7343000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6668000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4925999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4758000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parametric-statistics","display_name":"Parametric statistics","score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37459999322891235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.8058000206947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7883999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.7343000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6668000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5302000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4925999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4758000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34529998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.34220001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191070858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428343","display_name":"Face Recognition Grand Challenge","level":5,"score":0.3361999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982962833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092450","display_name":"Information fusion","level":2,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88799230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398329","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","level":5,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173414695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5510276","display_name":"Fusion mechanism","level":4,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2599000036716461}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.array.2026.100794","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100794","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194039","display_name":"Array","issn_l":"2590-0056","issn":["2590-0056"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Array","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.18886","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.18886","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.18886","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6e5468763eaa4cfe8279b451a52a107e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6e5468763eaa4cfe8279b451a52a107e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Array, Vol 30, Iss , Pp 100794- (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2504.18886","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.18886","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.array.2026.100794","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.array.2026.100794","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194039","display_name":"Array","issn_l":"2590-0056","issn":["2590-0056"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Array","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1264129597","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-127641OBI00 MICINN/FEDER","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F7311471023","funder_display_name":"NextGenerationEU"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G547372919","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TSI-100927-2023-2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F7311471023","funder_display_name":"NextGenerationEU"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F7311471023","display_name":"NextGenerationEU","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"3D":[0,8,253],"face":[1,9,21,58,98,140,199,225,240,254],"reconstruction":[2],"(3DFR)":[3],"aims":[4],"to":[5,35,56,82,125,193,209,236,247,270,301],"recover":[6],"a":[7,84,135,223],"model":[10],"from":[11,167],"2D":[12],"images,":[13],"providing":[14,202],"richer":[15],"representations":[16],"that":[17,159,242],"can":[18,79,116,171],"enhance":[19,126,194],"downstream":[20],"analytic":[22],"tasks.":[23],"Many":[24],"3DFR":[25,77,123,169,231],"methods":[26,115,232],"have":[27],"been":[28],"developed":[29],"based":[30],"on":[31],"specific":[32,224],"assumptions":[33],"tailored":[34],"the":[36,41,52,63,90,95,118,160,173,183,187,195,203,217,265,303],"limits":[37],"and":[38,111,150,154,284,290],"characteristics":[39],"of":[40,54,66,87,93,97,121,138,175,189,197,267],"different":[42,109,168],"application":[43,179],"scenarios.":[44,104,180],"However,":[45],"their":[46,272],"fusion":[47,114,191,269,305],"remains":[48],"largely":[49],"unexplored":[50],"despite":[51],"potential":[53,188],"ensembling":[55],"boost":[57,258],"recognition":[59,99,128,141,200,279],"performance":[60,96],"by":[61,164],"leveraging":[62],"unique":[64,119],"advantages":[65],"each":[67],"model.":[68],"In":[69,181],"this":[70,131],"study,":[71],"we":[72,133],"investigate":[73],"how":[74,108],"multiple":[75,122,178,252],"state-of-the-art":[76],"algorithms":[78,124,170],"be":[80,234],"used":[81],"generate":[83],"better":[85],"representation":[86],"subjects,":[88],"with":[89,206],"final":[91],"goal":[92],"improving":[94],"systems":[100,142,280],"in":[101,212,222,292,307],"challenging":[102,293],"uncontrolled":[103],"We":[105,298],"also":[106],"explore":[107],"parametric":[110],"non-parametric":[112],"score-level":[113,268],"exploit":[117,210,271],"strengths":[120],"biometric":[127,259,308],"robustness.":[129],"For":[130],"purpose,":[132],"propose":[134],"comprehensive":[136],"analysis":[137],"several":[139],"across":[143,281],"diverse":[144],"conditions,":[145],"such":[146],"as":[147],"varying":[148],"distances":[149],"camera":[151],"setups,":[152],"intra-dataset":[153],"cross-dataset.":[155],"The":[156],"results":[157],"demonstrate":[158],"distinct":[161],"information":[162],"provided":[163],"synthetic":[165],"views":[166],"alleviate":[172],"problem":[174],"generalizing":[176],"over":[177],"addition,":[182],"present":[184],"study":[185],"highlights":[186],"advanced":[190],"strategies":[192],"reliability":[196],"3DFR-based":[198],"systems,":[201],"research":[204],"community":[205],"key":[207],"insights":[208],"them":[211],"real-world":[213],"applications":[214],"effectively.":[215],"Although":[216],"experiments":[218],"are":[219,243],"carried":[220],"out":[221],"verification":[226],"setup,":[227],"our":[228],"proposed":[229,304],"fusion-based":[230],"may":[233,257],"applied":[235],"other":[237],"tasks":[238],"around":[239],"biometrics":[241],"not":[244],"strictly":[245],"related":[246],"identity":[248],"recognition.":[249,260],"\u2022":[250,261,274,286,297],"Combining":[251],"reconstructed":[255],"models":[256],"This":[262],"article":[263],"explores":[264],"use":[266],"complementarity.":[273],"It":[275],"tests":[276],"deep":[277],"learning":[278],"distances,":[282],"cameras,":[283],"datasets.":[285],"Fusion":[287],"improves":[288],"accuracy":[289],"stability":[291],"conditions":[294],"like":[295],"surveillance.":[296],"provide":[299],"guidelines":[300],"leverage":[302],"strategy":[306],"systems.":[309]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T05:58:53.018234","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
