{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1754255847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-044481714-3/50025-4","title":"Generics and Defaults*","display_name":"Generics and Defaults*","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1754255847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-044481714-3/50025-4","mag":"1754255847"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/b978-044481714-3/50025-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-044481714-3/50025-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463230","display_name":"Elsevier eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Handbook of Logic and Language","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006576404","display_name":"Francis Jeffry Pelletier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3399-2718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francis Jeffry Pelletier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Philosophy and Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada T6G 2E5"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy and Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada T6G 2E5","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019863253","display_name":"Nicholas Asher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7689-8246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Asher","raw_affiliation_strings":["316 Waggener Hall, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"316 Waggener Hall, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006576404","https://openalex.org/A5019863253"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047","https://openalex.org/I86519309"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1499,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":137,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87293263,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1125","last_page":"1177"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11727","display_name":"Advanced Algebra and Logic","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circumscription","display_name":"Circumscription","score":0.6568987965583801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/default-logic","display_name":"Default logic","score":0.6462502479553223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extensional-definition","display_name":"Extensional definition","score":0.6350042819976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/default","display_name":"Default","score":0.5549043416976929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predicate","display_name":"Predicate (mathematical logic)","score":0.5480853915214539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-monotonic-logic","display_name":"Non-monotonic logic","score":0.5243846774101257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.48211026191711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.46100184321403503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44171229004859924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sort","display_name":"sort","score":0.4303853511810303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subject","display_name":"Subject (documents)","score":0.4165307879447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.3996850848197937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37431973218917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.33142396807670593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.32512956857681274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoepistemic-logic","display_name":"Autoepistemic logic","score":0.26532503962516785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/description-logic","display_name":"Description logic","score":0.23932382464408875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.2062622606754303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.14347153902053833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.14054763317108154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.13135448098182678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.10281333327293396}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62360110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96777007","display_name":"Circumscription","level":2,"score":0.6568987965583801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160236029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842421","display_name":"Default logic","level":5,"score":0.6462502479553223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136137745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19515659","display_name":"Extensional definition","level":3,"score":0.6350042819976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69637215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q702362","display_name":"Default","level":2,"score":0.5549043416976929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140146324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144319","display_name":"Predicate (mathematical logic)","level":2,"score":0.5480853915214539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159032336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488768","display_name":"Non-monotonic logic","level":2,"score":0.5243846774101257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.48211026191711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.46100184321403503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44171229004859924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88548561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q347599","display_name":"sort","level":2,"score":0.4303853511810303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777855551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12310021","display_name":"Subject (documents)","level":2,"score":0.4165307879447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3996850848197937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37431973218917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33142396807670593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.32512956857681274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3845977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826262","display_name":"Autoepistemic logic","level":4,"score":0.26532503962516785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102993220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387196","display_name":"Description logic","level":2,"score":0.23932382464408875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.2062622606754303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.14347153902053833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.14054763317108154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.13135448098182678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.10281333327293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77928131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343","display_name":"Tectonics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203659156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934805","display_name":"Multimodal logic","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/b978-044481714-3/50025-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-044481714-3/50025-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463230","display_name":"Elsevier eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Handbook of Logic and Language","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.32.9857","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.32.9857","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~jeffp/GenDef.ps","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":99,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19122042","https://openalex.org/W24503622","https://openalex.org/W71746493","https://openalex.org/W84327095","https://openalex.org/W157785659","https://openalex.org/W189556572","https://openalex.org/W191206860","https://openalex.org/W592556222","https://openalex.org/W645452585","https://openalex.org/W801583577","https://openalex.org/W1485823765","https://openalex.org/W1511068194","https://openalex.org/W1519154507","https://openalex.org/W1528211185","https://openalex.org/W1533072611","https://openalex.org/W1573378450","https://openalex.org/W1585319178","https://openalex.org/W1590902735","https://openalex.org/W1596067335","https://openalex.org/W1598858597","https://openalex.org/W1621077771","https://openalex.org/W1761876784","https://openalex.org/W1836134587","https://openalex.org/W1975810242","https://openalex.org/W1992204783","https://openalex.org/W1996347293","https://openalex.org/W1998363560","https://openalex.org/W2001722583","https://openalex.org/W2021612842","https://openalex.org/W2046515274","https://openalex.org/W2067326626","https://openalex.org/W2068026871","https://openalex.org/W2068358250","https://openalex.org/W2072291277","https://openalex.org/W2080142817","https://openalex.org/W2089296451","https://openalex.org/W2089822569","https://openalex.org/W2092410134","https://openalex.org/W2100513762","https://openalex.org/W2109334311","https://openalex.org/W2121243963","https://openalex.org/W2123404465","https://openalex.org/W2125791099","https://openalex.org/W2136661655","https://openalex.org/W2143336154","https://openalex.org/W2155322595","https://openalex.org/W2159080219","https://openalex.org/W2162564004","https://openalex.org/W2167907160","https://openalex.org/W2175235637","https://openalex.org/W2267663219","https://openalex.org/W2315395474","https://openalex.org/W2319356165","https://openalex.org/W2329504211","https://openalex.org/W2500148907","https://openalex.org/W2511932998","https://openalex.org/W2612937853","https://openalex.org/W2803015336","https://openalex.org/W2913309218","https://openalex.org/W2917030029","https://openalex.org/W2945259913","https://openalex.org/W2981913921","https://openalex.org/W2990316322","https://openalex.org/W3023280592","https://openalex.org/W3035258717","https://openalex.org/W3134483995","https://openalex.org/W4241683283","https://openalex.org/W4241775074","https://openalex.org/W4250178034","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4298280115","https://openalex.org/W6600651014","https://openalex.org/W6600953266","https://openalex.org/W6607656803","https://openalex.org/W6622944742","https://openalex.org/W6625122095","https://openalex.org/W6630422316","https://openalex.org/W6630950817","https://openalex.org/W6631879871","https://openalex.org/W6632942104","https://openalex.org/W6634949617","https://openalex.org/W6635305494","https://openalex.org/W6635775191","https://openalex.org/W6638000120","https://openalex.org/W6638814685","https://openalex.org/W6662213631","https://openalex.org/W6672772071","https://openalex.org/W6675074355","https://openalex.org/W6676392694","https://openalex.org/W6677932066","https://openalex.org/W6678622873","https://openalex.org/W6678691746","https://openalex.org/W6684938800","https://openalex.org/W6751477138","https://openalex.org/W6759285401","https://openalex.org/W6770345603","https://openalex.org/W6828215810","https://openalex.org/W6991647123","https://openalex.org/W7006479541"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2044503422","https://openalex.org/W1526931790","https://openalex.org/W610916638","https://openalex.org/W113938959","https://openalex.org/W1536590331","https://openalex.org/W1750380915","https://openalex.org/W2155322595","https://openalex.org/W2132950849","https://openalex.org/W118779161","https://openalex.org/W2277498419"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
