{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1999184850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-7051(93)90017-n","title":"Wizard of Oz studies \u2014 why and how","display_name":"Wizard of Oz studies \u2014 why and how","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1999184850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-7051(93)90017-n","mag":"1999184850"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0950-7051(93)90017-n","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-7051(93)90017-n","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10169007","display_name":"Knowledge-Based Systems","issn_l":"0950-7051","issn":["0950-7051","1872-7409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge-Based Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008336302","display_name":"Nils Dahlb\u00e4ck","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Dahlb\u00e4ck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Natural Language Processing Laboratory, Department of Computer and Information Science, S-581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","Natural Language Processing Laboratory, Department of Computer and Information Science, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Language Processing Laboratory, Department of Computer and Information Science, S-581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Language Processing Laboratory, Department of Computer and Information Science, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053932004","display_name":"Arne J\u00f6nsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9852-5531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. J\u00f6nsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Natural Language Processing Laboratory, Department of Computer and Information Science, S-581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","Natural Language Processing Laboratory, Department of Computer and Information Science, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Language Processing Laboratory, Department of Computer and Information Science, S-581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Language Processing Laboratory, Department of Computer and Information Science, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067870406","display_name":"Lars Ahrenberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Ahrenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Natural Language Processing Laboratory, Department of Computer and Information Science, S-581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","Natural Language Processing Laboratory, Department of Computer and Information Science, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Language Processing Laboratory, Department of Computer and Information Science, S-581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Language Processing Laboratory, Department of Computer and Information Science, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3130,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3130},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2597,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":694,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92144077,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"258","last_page":"266"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11148","display_name":"Language, Metaphor, and Cognition","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11148","display_name":"Language, Metaphor, and Cognition","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12353","display_name":"Lexicography and Language Studies","score":0.963699996471405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9569000005722046,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wizard-of-oz","display_name":"Wizard of oz","score":0.8328514099121094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wizard","display_name":"Wizard","score":0.826001763343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.778118908405304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.7379050850868225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7039055824279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.6063966751098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.5937725901603699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.5197600722312927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-user-interface","display_name":"Natural language user interface","score":0.43023619055747986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.416191965341568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.3557434380054474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3391414284706116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3120003938674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.23386678099632263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2153932750225067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.15632778406143188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.05985647439956665}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987423310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18159725","display_name":"Wizard of oz","level":2,"score":0.8328514099121094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580334","display_name":"Wizard","level":2,"score":0.826001763343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.778118908405304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.7379050850868225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7039055824279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6063966751098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5937725901603699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.5197600722312927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174252522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816772","display_name":"Natural language user interface","level":3,"score":0.43023619055747986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.416191965341568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3557434380054474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3391414284706116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3120003938674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.23386678099632263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2153932750225067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.15632778406143188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.05985647439956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0950-7051(93)90017-n","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-7051(93)90017-n","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10169007","display_name":"Knowledge-Based Systems","issn_l":"0950-7051","issn":["0950-7051","1872-7409"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge-Based Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.100.1554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.100.1554","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ida.liu.se/~arnjo/papers/kbs.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.56.3398","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.56.3398","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ida.liu.se/~nilda/papers/KBS.ps","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W35715160","https://openalex.org/W92569643","https://openalex.org/W279164219","https://openalex.org/W1495424957","https://openalex.org/W1509459202","https://openalex.org/W1519151889","https://openalex.org/W1555547974","https://openalex.org/W1605152559","https://openalex.org/W1993771541","https://openalex.org/W2002292630","https://openalex.org/W2044692948","https://openalex.org/W2046661440","https://openalex.org/W2056561350","https://openalex.org/W2075086929","https://openalex.org/W2089837166","https://openalex.org/W2133427949","https://openalex.org/W6603136502","https://openalex.org/W6610197223","https://openalex.org/W6631118286","https://openalex.org/W6633254553","https://openalex.org/W6635949290","https://openalex.org/W6775952889","https://openalex.org/W6800301123","https://openalex.org/W6830950777"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4246078203","https://openalex.org/W659328528","https://openalex.org/W2127135847","https://openalex.org/W1550648368","https://openalex.org/W603474643","https://openalex.org/W2152818631","https://openalex.org/W1545061903","https://openalex.org/W1504394863","https://openalex.org/W2099417110","https://openalex.org/W4300069399"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":87},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T09:24:06.705377","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}