{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1996553916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0933-3657(94)90042-6","title":"Combining rule-based reasoning and mathematical modelling in diabetes care","display_name":"Combining rule-based reasoning and mathematical modelling in diabetes care","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1996553916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0933-3657(94)90042-6","mag":"1996553916","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8049754"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0933-3657(94)90042-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0933-3657(94)90042-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42468263","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","issn_l":"0933-3657","issn":["0933-3657","1873-2860"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103109786","display_name":"Eldon D. Lehmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9249-0868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324925910","display_name":"St Thomas' Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/054gk2851","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324925910","https://openalex.org/I200166805","https://openalex.org/I4210111135"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"E.D. Lehmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Endocrinology, United Medical School of Guy's Hospital, (University of London), UK","Depts. of Endocrinology, Chemical Pathology and Medicine, United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals (University of London), St. Thomas' Campus, London SE1 7EH UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Endocrinology, United Medical School of Guy's Hospital, (University of London), UK","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Depts. of Endocrinology, Chemical Pathology and Medicine, United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals (University of London), St. Thomas' Campus, London SE1 7EH UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324925910","https://openalex.org/I124357947"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071304770","display_name":"Tibor Deutsch","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","display_name":"City, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04489at23","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I180825142"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101202996","display_name":"Semmelweis University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9ty582","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101202996"]}],"countries":["GB","HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Deutsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Centre, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary","Department of Systems Science, Centre for Measurement and Information in Medicine, City University, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Centre, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101202996"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems Science, Centre for Measurement and Information in Medicine, City University, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111702599","display_name":"E.R. Carson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4912-7585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324925910","display_name":"St Thomas' Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/054gk2851","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324925910","https://openalex.org/I200166805","https://openalex.org/I4210111135"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","display_name":"City, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04489at23","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I180825142"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E.R. Carson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems Science, Centre for Measurement and Information in Medicine, City University, London, UK","Depts. of Endocrinology, Chemical Pathology and Medicine, United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals (University of London), St. Thomas' Campus, London SE1 7EH UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems Science, Centre for Measurement and Information in Medicine, City University, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Depts. of Endocrinology, Chemical Pathology and Medicine, United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals (University of London), St. Thomas' Campus, London SE1 7EH UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324925910","https://openalex.org/I124357947"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110085923","display_name":"P.H. S\u00f6nksen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324925910","display_name":"St Thomas' Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/054gk2851","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324925910","https://openalex.org/I200166805","https://openalex.org/I4210111135"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","display_name":"City, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04489at23","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I180825142"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P.H. S\u00f6nksen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems Science, Centre for Measurement and Information in Medicine, City University, London, UK","Depts. of Endocrinology, Chemical Pathology and Medicine, United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals (University of London), St. Thomas' Campus, London SE1 7EH UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems Science, Centre for Measurement and Information in Medicine, City University, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Depts. of Endocrinology, Chemical Pathology and Medicine, United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals (University of London), St. Thomas' Campus, London SE1 7EH UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324925910","https://openalex.org/I124357947"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103109786"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I1324925910"],"apc_list":{"value":3230,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3230},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8622,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82801236,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"2","first_page":"137","last_page":"160"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.970300018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.970300018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7762506604194641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-system","display_name":"Expert system","score":0.5431411266326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin","display_name":"Insulin","score":0.47682517766952515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4295836091041565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3558979630470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1784214973449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.09471970796585083}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7762506604194641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.5431411266326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779306644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370","display_name":"Insulin","level":2,"score":0.47682517766952515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4295836091041565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3558979630470276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1784214973449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.09471970796585083}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004435","descriptor_name":"Eating","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004435","descriptor_name":"Eating","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004435","descriptor_name":"Eating","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005103","descriptor_name":"Expert Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005103","descriptor_name":"Expert Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005103","descriptor_name":"Expert Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007003","descriptor_name":"Hypoglycemia","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007003","descriptor_name":"Hypoglycemia","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007003","descriptor_name":"Hypoglycemia","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009747","descriptor_name":"Nutritional Physiological Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009747","descriptor_name":"Nutritional Physiological Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009747","descriptor_name":"Nutritional Physiological Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011381","descriptor_name":"Programming Languages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011381","descriptor_name":"Programming Languages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011381","descriptor_name":"Programming Languages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0933-3657(94)90042-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0933-3657(94)90042-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42468263","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","issn_l":"0933-3657","issn":["0933-3657","1873-2860"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8049754","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8049754","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial intelligence in medicine","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13680677","https://openalex.org/W578260146","https://openalex.org/W837816460","https://openalex.org/W1964202703","https://openalex.org/W1972925456","https://openalex.org/W1986434157","https://openalex.org/W1987868952","https://openalex.org/W2000284724","https://openalex.org/W2005684717","https://openalex.org/W2015862404","https://openalex.org/W2025715539","https://openalex.org/W2029020568","https://openalex.org/W2038703817","https://openalex.org/W2040186603","https://openalex.org/W2041058086","https://openalex.org/W2058443660","https://openalex.org/W2060591324","https://openalex.org/W2074014887","https://openalex.org/W2077266566","https://openalex.org/W2125624587","https://openalex.org/W2143070237","https://openalex.org/W2160978530","https://openalex.org/W2164136019","https://openalex.org/W2261437527","https://openalex.org/W2400979825","https://openalex.org/W2481989029","https://openalex.org/W2914110797","https://openalex.org/W4242947495","https://openalex.org/W4253180946","https://openalex.org/W4254852707","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4377014476","https://openalex.org/W6600539263","https://openalex.org/W6623483888","https://openalex.org/W6678663635","https://openalex.org/W6683763869","https://openalex.org/W6692610152","https://openalex.org/W6721900230"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3209574120","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4210805261","https://openalex.org/W4387297750"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}