{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4240827727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8890(95)00019-c","title":"Living machines","display_name":"Living machines","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4240827727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8890(95)00019-c"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0921-8890(95)00019-c","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8890(95)00019-c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133768115","display_name":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems","issn_l":"0921-8890","issn":["0921-8890","1872-793X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110165933","display_name":"Brosl Hasslacher","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brosl Hasslacher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008238425","display_name":"Mark W. Tilden","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark W. Tilden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biophysics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biophysics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110165933"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"],"apc_list":{"value":3020,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3020},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0273,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82358125,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1-2","first_page":"143","last_page":"169"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10879","display_name":"Robotic Locomotion and Control","score":0.9496999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9423999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9056624174118042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch","display_name":"Sketch","score":0.8032701015472412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.64054274559021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a-priori-and-a-posteriori","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","score":0.5861737728118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suspect","display_name":"Suspect","score":0.5460077524185181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5212807655334473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.5071344375610352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-life","display_name":"Artificial life","score":0.48397254943847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.45626166462898254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstract-machine","display_name":"Abstract machine","score":0.44781211018562317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.2539685070514679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1741776168346405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.10123911499977112}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9056624174118042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.8032701015472412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.64054274559021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.5861737728118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778223634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224952","display_name":"Suspect","level":2,"score":0.5460077524185181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5212807655334473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.5071344375610352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19273510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q263847","display_name":"Artificial life","level":2,"score":0.48397254943847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.45626166462898254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88977235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787114","display_name":"Abstract machine","level":2,"score":0.44781211018562317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2539685070514679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1741776168346405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10123911499977112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0921-8890(95)00019-c","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8890(95)00019-c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133768115","display_name":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems","issn_l":"0921-8890","issn":["0921-8890","1872-793X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W31521519","https://openalex.org/W81213422","https://openalex.org/W151798663","https://openalex.org/W609424573","https://openalex.org/W1487127700","https://openalex.org/W1518224635","https://openalex.org/W1639534865","https://openalex.org/W1798187755","https://openalex.org/W1841921101","https://openalex.org/W1969468300","https://openalex.org/W1971798509","https://openalex.org/W1990586099","https://openalex.org/W1993244554","https://openalex.org/W2000520379","https://openalex.org/W2008485054","https://openalex.org/W2012712254","https://openalex.org/W2014879895","https://openalex.org/W2015889057","https://openalex.org/W2018698982","https://openalex.org/W2043299835","https://openalex.org/W2045658044","https://openalex.org/W2050797564","https://openalex.org/W2050865596","https://openalex.org/W2053099831","https://openalex.org/W2054241520","https://openalex.org/W2061852707","https://openalex.org/W2079631689","https://openalex.org/W2095450985","https://openalex.org/W2117569083","https://openalex.org/W2122903487","https://openalex.org/W2140755429","https://openalex.org/W2163668399","https://openalex.org/W2170428299","https://openalex.org/W2172076526","https://openalex.org/W2315695414","https://openalex.org/W2329134122","https://openalex.org/W2337991911","https://openalex.org/W2504676638","https://openalex.org/W2544303744","https://openalex.org/W2912695340","https://openalex.org/W3021920403","https://openalex.org/W4221112362","https://openalex.org/W4321141761","https://openalex.org/W6601263819","https://openalex.org/W6603189217","https://openalex.org/W6636636485","https://openalex.org/W6639477499","https://openalex.org/W6654423554","https://openalex.org/W6664070284","https://openalex.org/W6670317907","https://openalex.org/W6675452224","https://openalex.org/W6677583623","https://openalex.org/W6678260929","https://openalex.org/W6679248891","https://openalex.org/W6684371560","https://openalex.org/W6684924026","https://openalex.org/W6792759291"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3197016913","https://openalex.org/W2389153751","https://openalex.org/W2378994405","https://openalex.org/W2385974820","https://openalex.org/W4386728183","https://openalex.org/W2185015567","https://openalex.org/W2373478030","https://openalex.org/W2394191954","https://openalex.org/W2113933481","https://openalex.org/W4225847548"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}