{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1984197365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8890(95)00011-4","title":"When are robots intelligent autonomous agents?","display_name":"When are robots intelligent autonomous agents?","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1984197365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8890(95)00011-4","mag":"1984197365"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0921-8890(95)00011-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8890(95)00011-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133768115","display_name":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems","issn_l":"0921-8890","issn":["0921-8890","1872-793X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10230/36303","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050857344","display_name":"Luc Steels","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9134-3663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luc Steels","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium","Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050857344"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"],"apc_list":{"value":3020,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3020},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2806,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":119,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94126679,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1-2","first_page":"3","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.9822999835014343,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9495000243186951,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8823543787002563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-agent","display_name":"Intelligent agent","score":0.6431378126144409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.629164457321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.6141479015350342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5786416530609131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.5736851692199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomous-agent","display_name":"Autonomous agent","score":0.5448246002197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-decision-support-system","display_name":"Intelligent decision support system","score":0.49028804898262024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.45375630259513855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-general-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","score":0.418023943901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-representation-and-reasoning","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","score":0.41245806217193604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.3811316192150116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1267482340335846}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8823543787002563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74072328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142726","display_name":"Intelligent agent","level":2,"score":0.6431378126144409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.629164457321167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.6141479015350342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5786416530609131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5736851692199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13687954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826847","display_name":"Autonomous agent","level":2,"score":0.5448246002197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56397880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6044094","display_name":"Intelligent decision support system","level":2,"score":0.49028804898262024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.45375630259513855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162027153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2264109","display_name":"Artificial general intelligence","level":2,"score":0.418023943901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.41245806217193604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3811316192150116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1267482340335846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0921-8890(95)00011-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8890(95)00011-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133768115","display_name":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems","issn_l":"0921-8890","issn":["0921-8890","1872-793X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:recercat.cat:2072/346212","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10230/36303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402147","display_name":"RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210090028","host_organization_name":"Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090028"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.29.5328","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.29.5328","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://arti.vub.ac.be/www/steels/autsys.ps","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/127979","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10261/127979","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401639","display_name":"DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I134820265","host_organization_name":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Art\u00edculo"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:recercat.cat:2072/346212","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10230/36303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402147","display_name":"RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210090028","host_organization_name":"Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090028"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322634","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W31390925","https://openalex.org/W117519490","https://openalex.org/W1466858243","https://openalex.org/W1492895344","https://openalex.org/W1500910854","https://openalex.org/W1518224635","https://openalex.org/W1566299238","https://openalex.org/W1652032257","https://openalex.org/W1813659000","https://openalex.org/W1872557881","https://openalex.org/W1902366942","https://openalex.org/W1994511489","https://openalex.org/W2010465263","https://openalex.org/W2011422262","https://openalex.org/W2012170877","https://openalex.org/W2022014595","https://openalex.org/W2035346816","https://openalex.org/W2057650923","https://openalex.org/W2064516966","https://openalex.org/W2083041690","https://openalex.org/W2086166831","https://openalex.org/W2091579301","https://openalex.org/W2113609601","https://openalex.org/W2126141328","https://openalex.org/W2142040995","https://openalex.org/W2171955321","https://openalex.org/W2336741951","https://openalex.org/W2391599638","https://openalex.org/W2397253692","https://openalex.org/W2544303744","https://openalex.org/W2624262714","https://openalex.org/W3100910681","https://openalex.org/W3131932104","https://openalex.org/W4243087663","https://openalex.org/W4253020087","https://openalex.org/W6604702912","https://openalex.org/W6607070544","https://openalex.org/W6607233205","https://openalex.org/W6629532636","https://openalex.org/W6636725810","https://openalex.org/W6638304892","https://openalex.org/W6639211456","https://openalex.org/W6678260929","https://openalex.org/W6703408762","https://openalex.org/W6790733213","https://openalex.org/W6858810392","https://openalex.org/W6859541248"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1573229872","https://openalex.org/W2378103710","https://openalex.org/W66067662","https://openalex.org/W1600813830","https://openalex.org/W2620865094","https://openalex.org/W2096190722","https://openalex.org/W2497643131","https://openalex.org/W2895420967","https://openalex.org/W1984197365","https://openalex.org/W4285340378"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
