{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2137983211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0893-6080(89)90020-8","title":"Multilayer feedforward networks are universal approximators","display_name":"Multilayer feedforward networks are universal approximators","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2137983211","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0893-6080(89)90020-8","mag":"2137983211"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0893-6080(89)90020-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0893-6080(89)90020-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123019304","display_name":"Neural Networks","issn_l":"0893-6080","issn":["0893-6080","1879-2782"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078334892","display_name":"Kurt Hornik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4198-9911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kurt Hornik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien Austria","Technisce Univ. Wien, Vienna, Austria#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technisce Univ. Wien, Vienna, Austria#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085804894","display_name":"Maxwell B. Stinchcombe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxwell Stinchcombe","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego USA","University of California,  San Diego"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,  San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103455390","display_name":"Halbert White","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Halbert White","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, San Diego USA","University of California,  San Diego"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, San Diego USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,  San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103455390"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":{"value":3350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3350},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":135.1061,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21158,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99988865,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"5","first_page":"359","last_page":"366"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11206","display_name":"Model Reduction and Neural Networks","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feed-forward","display_name":"Feed forward","score":0.807479202747345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedforward-neural-network","display_name":"Feedforward neural network","score":0.6575025320053101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6333081722259521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5201911926269531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4788541793823242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.4452223479747772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.43661007285118103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degree","display_name":"Degree (music)","score":0.4314894676208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.38720983266830444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37771302461624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.37398457527160645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.372821569442749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3270167112350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.24069198966026306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.0796055793762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06483808159828186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38858127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441228","display_name":"Feed forward","level":2,"score":0.807479202747345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47702885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5441227","display_name":"Feedforward neural network","level":3,"score":0.6575025320053101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6333081722259521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5201911926269531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4788541793823242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4452223479747772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.43661007285118103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775997480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586277","display_name":"Degree (music)","level":2,"score":0.4314894676208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.38720983266830444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37771302461624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.37398457527160645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.372821569442749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3270167112350464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.24069198966026306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.0796055793762207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06483808159828186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0893-6080(89)90020-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0893-6080(89)90020-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123019304","display_name":"Neural Networks","issn_l":"0893-6080","issn":["0893-6080","1879-2782"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W135768573","https://openalex.org/W1564953322","https://openalex.org/W1654142532","https://openalex.org/W2056099894","https://openalex.org/W2090270852","https://openalex.org/W2097415784","https://openalex.org/W2103496339","https://openalex.org/W2290234976","https://openalex.org/W2416739038","https://openalex.org/W2526529994","https://openalex.org/W3016266344","https://openalex.org/W3146803896","https://openalex.org/W4238143865","https://openalex.org/W4239022279","https://openalex.org/W6605488942","https://openalex.org/W6634558890","https://openalex.org/W6662101812","https://openalex.org/W6675590014","https://openalex.org/W6680133082","https://openalex.org/W6792719132","https://openalex.org/W6820010905"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386132124","https://openalex.org/W2258992572","https://openalex.org/W2359410228","https://openalex.org/W1604847762","https://openalex.org/W2086999410","https://openalex.org/W3177279640","https://openalex.org/W2381165384","https://openalex.org/W2014323024","https://openalex.org/W1905705329","https://openalex.org/W1875742840"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":646},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1675},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1587},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1647},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1436},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1377},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1198},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1040},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":802},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":645},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":564},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":515},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":501},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":467},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":448}],"updated_date":"2026-06-08T08:47:23.578185","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
