{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2005222393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7206(81)90002-1","title":"A critical review of proprietary software protection","display_name":"A critical review of proprietary software protection","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2005222393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7206(81)90002-1","mag":"2005222393"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0378-7206(81)90002-1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7206(81)90002-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38883057","display_name":"Information & Management","issn_l":"0378-7206","issn":["0378-7206","1872-7530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information &amp; Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083039724","display_name":"Charles R. Franz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charles R. Franz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Management Science Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA","Management Science Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Management Science Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Management Science Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008400620","display_name":"Susan J. Wilkins","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan J. Wilkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Management Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Management Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079010060","display_name":"Jonathan C. Bower","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan C. Bower","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adams, Arnold and Herring, Columbia, South Carolina, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adams, Arnold and Herring, Columbia, South Carolina, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083039724"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"],"apc_list":{"value":3570,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3570},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15796799,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"2","first_page":"55","last_page":"69"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11769","display_name":"Copyright and Intellectual Property","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11769","display_name":"Copyright and Intellectual Property","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9520999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doctrine","display_name":"Doctrine","score":0.7738934755325317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.6294881701469421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unfair-competition","display_name":"Unfair competition","score":0.5682335495948792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition","display_name":"Competition (biology)","score":0.4658575654029846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.44976550340652466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-and-economics","display_name":"Law and economics","score":0.4362364113330841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4205301105976105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-software","display_name":"Computer software","score":0.4162902235984802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4057276248931885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39818885922431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.380378782749176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3759930729866028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.368175208568573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.2373335063457489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.18815654516220093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.07612928748130798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776211767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850","display_name":"Doctrine","level":2,"score":0.7738934755325317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.6294881701469421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776266046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3401418","display_name":"Unfair competition","level":2,"score":0.5682335495948792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4658575654029846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.44976550340652466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4362364113330841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4205301105976105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984499602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Computer software","level":2,"score":0.4162902235984802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4057276248931885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39818885922431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.380378782749176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3759930729866028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.368175208568573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2373335063457489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.18815654516220093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.07612928748130798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0378-7206(81)90002-1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7206(81)90002-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38883057","display_name":"Information & Management","issn_l":"0378-7206","issn":["0378-7206","1872-7530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information &amp; Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41252565","https://openalex.org/W252934712","https://openalex.org/W418973302","https://openalex.org/W639284302","https://openalex.org/W1520207498","https://openalex.org/W1525473912","https://openalex.org/W1554715196","https://openalex.org/W1558405575","https://openalex.org/W1576743796","https://openalex.org/W2001294070","https://openalex.org/W2075851440","https://openalex.org/W2098136850","https://openalex.org/W2797393019","https://openalex.org/W2799276134","https://openalex.org/W4232918644","https://openalex.org/W4246168599","https://openalex.org/W4248791754","https://openalex.org/W6631307376","https://openalex.org/W6633520506","https://openalex.org/W6634466940"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2363601504","https://openalex.org/W339743714","https://openalex.org/W2922098899","https://openalex.org/W2355625292","https://openalex.org/W2002902793","https://openalex.org/W2387535719","https://openalex.org/W1489816452","https://openalex.org/W2383376288","https://openalex.org/W2144301082"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
