{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2058269083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4379(81)90033-8","title":"Four-schema approach: An extended model for database architecture","display_name":"Four-schema approach: An extended model for database architecture","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2058269083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4379(81)90033-8","mag":"2058269083"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0306-4379(81)90033-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4379(81)90033-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193006928","display_name":"Information Systems","issn_l":"0306-4379","issn":["0306-4379","1873-6076"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076933277","display_name":"Prabuddha De","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0881-9294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prabuddha De","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Administrative Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Administrative Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110069140","display_name":"William D. Haseman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","ror":"https://ror.org/031q21x57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William D. Haseman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business Administration, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, U.S.A","School of Business Administration University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee, WI 53201, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business Administration, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business Administration University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee, WI 53201, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089836669","display_name":"Yuk Ho So","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuk Ho So","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2840,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2840},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1096,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91846397,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"2","first_page":"117","last_page":"124"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13734","display_name":"Advanced Computational Techniques and Applications","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-schema","display_name":"Conceptual schema","score":0.8590455651283264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7915548086166382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-schema","display_name":"Database schema","score":0.7641823887825012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","score":0.7084401249885559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-structured-model","display_name":"Semi-structured model","score":0.6542268991470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema-migration","display_name":"Schema migration","score":0.586117148399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.511910080909729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.504085898399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema-evolution","display_name":"Schema evolution","score":0.45515602827072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-design","display_name":"Database design","score":0.4495684504508972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.32128965854644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-schema-theory","display_name":"Gender schema theory","score":0.08800959587097168}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29275276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268965","display_name":"Conceptual schema","level":3,"score":0.8590455651283264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7915548086166382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30775581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q632285","display_name":"Database schema","level":3,"score":0.7641823887825012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.7084401249885559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56310702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2269281","display_name":"Semi-structured model","level":4,"score":0.6542268991470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153440673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431119","display_name":"Schema migration","level":5,"score":0.586117148399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.511910080909729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.504085898399353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780660560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951893","display_name":"Schema evolution","level":4,"score":0.45515602827072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148840519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049878","display_name":"Database design","level":2,"score":0.4495684504508972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.32128965854644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165611974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5531015","display_name":"Gender schema theory","level":2,"score":0.08800959587097168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0306-4379(81)90033-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4379(81)90033-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193006928","display_name":"Information Systems","issn_l":"0306-4379","issn":["0306-4379","1873-6076"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W642784129","https://openalex.org/W1541500560","https://openalex.org/W1979144470","https://openalex.org/W1990235297","https://openalex.org/W2018203936","https://openalex.org/W2044144719","https://openalex.org/W2092332589","https://openalex.org/W2126565341","https://openalex.org/W2138709157","https://openalex.org/W2144192824","https://openalex.org/W2313469048","https://openalex.org/W3157769651","https://openalex.org/W6601209590","https://openalex.org/W6620913900","https://openalex.org/W6645091259","https://openalex.org/W6661309655","https://openalex.org/W6679178355","https://openalex.org/W6681364530","https://openalex.org/W6689392195"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2153512431","https://openalex.org/W2103472145","https://openalex.org/W2031254074","https://openalex.org/W2148067883","https://openalex.org/W1483477772","https://openalex.org/W166845585","https://openalex.org/W1512552654","https://openalex.org/W1591654213","https://openalex.org/W2119389607","https://openalex.org/W1513459549"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}