{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2043481183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(92)90143-4","title":"Approximate string-matching with q-grams and maximal matches","display_name":"Approximate string-matching with q-grams and maximal matches","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2043481183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(92)90143-4","mag":"2043481183"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0304-3975(92)90143-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(92)90143-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90727058","display_name":"Theoretical Computer Science","issn_l":"0304-3975","issn":["0304-3975","1879-2294"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theoretical Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058284151","display_name":"Esko Ukkonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5978-1505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Esko Ukkonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Teollisuuskatu 23, SF-00510 Helsinki, Finland","Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Teollisuuskatu 23, SF\u201000510 Helsinki, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Teollisuuskatu 23, SF-00510 Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Teollisuuskatu 23, SF\u201000510 Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058284151"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.0445,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":615,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98043648,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"92","issue":"1","first_page":"191","last_page":"211"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substring","display_name":"Substring","score":0.8593167066574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edit-distance","display_name":"Edit distance","score":0.8229283094406128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string-searching-algorithm","display_name":"String searching algorithm","score":0.735034704208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/approximate-string-matching","display_name":"Approximate string matching","score":0.7290176153182983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.7174217700958252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string","display_name":"String (physics)","score":0.7019643187522888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.6906053423881531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.5325561761856079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string-metric","display_name":"String metric","score":0.523772656917572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-matching","display_name":"Pattern matching","score":0.5031532645225525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.49319761991500854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.47133517265319824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/connection","display_name":"Connection (principal bundle)","score":0.44246968626976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-complexity","display_name":"Time complexity","score":0.41993945837020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.38578858971595764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34278830885887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-structure","display_name":"Data structure","score":0.1869460940361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.15744969248771667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07798689603805542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.07640978693962097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.06833937764167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.0664949119091034}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182407805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2626534","display_name":"Substring","level":3,"score":0.8593167066574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44359876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5338467","display_name":"Edit distance","level":2,"score":0.8229283094406128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7757238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374040","display_name":"String searching algorithm","level":3,"score":0.735034704208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32610155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1798621","display_name":"Approximate string matching","level":3,"score":0.7290176153182983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.7174217700958252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157486923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376436","display_name":"String (physics)","level":2,"score":0.7019643187522888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.6906053423881531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5325561761856079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22820288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9050568","display_name":"String metric","level":4,"score":0.523772656917572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68859911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503724","display_name":"Pattern matching","level":2,"score":0.5031532645225525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.49319761991500854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.47133517265319824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13355873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920850","display_name":"Connection (principal bundle)","level":2,"score":0.44246968626976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C311688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393193","display_name":"Time complexity","level":2,"score":0.41993945837020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.38578858971595764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34278830885887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.1869460940361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.15744969248771667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07798689603805542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.07640978693962097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.06833937764167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0664949119091034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0304-3975(92)90143-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3975(92)90143-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90727058","display_name":"Theoretical Computer Science","issn_l":"0304-3975","issn":["0304-3975","1879-2294"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Theoretical Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501129459","https://openalex.org/W1653707015","https://openalex.org/W1970026646","https://openalex.org/W1972418517","https://openalex.org/W1972770363","https://openalex.org/W1981320868","https://openalex.org/W1990413869","https://openalex.org/W1995303482","https://openalex.org/W1995552834","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2010392031","https://openalex.org/W2011632873","https://openalex.org/W2016219933","https://openalex.org/W2052899946","https://openalex.org/W2057097754","https://openalex.org/W2074064717","https://openalex.org/W2074707165","https://openalex.org/W2100451901","https://openalex.org/W2121252285","https://openalex.org/W2147575368","https://openalex.org/W2154104338","https://openalex.org/W2533248932","https://openalex.org/W2752885492","https://openalex.org/W2914679068","https://openalex.org/W6629746783","https://openalex.org/W6636773792","https://openalex.org/W6642874261","https://openalex.org/W6674793736","https://openalex.org/W6728628127"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2298204719","https://openalex.org/W2187092961","https://openalex.org/W52396946","https://openalex.org/W2399644331","https://openalex.org/W1564013439","https://openalex.org/W1859666549","https://openalex.org/W2405436873","https://openalex.org/W2119057313","https://openalex.org/W2395807140","https://openalex.org/W2549495077"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":38}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}