{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2037045694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0267-3649(90)90135-x","title":"The EC data protection directive","display_name":"The EC data protection directive","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2037045694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0267-3649(90)90135-x","mag":"2037045694"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0267-3649(90)90135-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0267-3649(90)90135-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160346394","display_name":"Computer Law & Security Report","issn_l":"0267-3649","issn":["0267-3649","1873-6734"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Law &amp; Security Report","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038160083","display_name":"Stewart Dresner","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stewart Dresner","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067757873","display_name":"Ian Walden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3212-7773"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Walden","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3660,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3660},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14842705,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"22","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.8144117593765259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7936156392097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-chain","display_name":"Hash chain","score":0.7911633253097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-hash-function","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","score":0.7041926980018616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merkle-tree","display_name":"Merkle tree","score":0.5523253679275513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sha-2","display_name":"SHA-2","score":0.49748972058296204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-meter-prover","display_name":"Gas meter prover","score":0.4888567328453064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/double-hashing","display_name":"Double hashing","score":0.4314693212509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.41378873586654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3622552752494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09098118543624878}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.8144117593765259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7936156392097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135783594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5678864","display_name":"Hash chain","level":3,"score":0.7911633253097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7608002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477202","display_name":"Cryptographic hash function","level":3,"score":0.7041926980018616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205383636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14746","display_name":"Merkle tree","level":4,"score":0.5523253679275513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190157925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1968605","display_name":"SHA-2","level":4,"score":0.49748972058296204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159718280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5526353","display_name":"Gas meter prover","level":3,"score":0.4888567328453064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138111711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478351","display_name":"Double hashing","level":4,"score":0.4314693212509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.41378873586654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3622552752494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09098118543624878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0267-3649(90)90135-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0267-3649(90)90135-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S160346394","display_name":"Computer Law & Security Report","issn_l":"0267-3649","issn":["0267-3649","1873-6734"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Law &amp; Security Report","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2154676777","https://openalex.org/W4252190074","https://openalex.org/W122749164","https://openalex.org/W4200497776","https://openalex.org/W2982222368","https://openalex.org/W4210289650","https://openalex.org/W2145932317","https://openalex.org/W2188053640","https://openalex.org/W2952942094","https://openalex.org/W1501275988"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
