{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2077053297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-023x(94)90023-x","title":"Algorithms for inferring functional dependencies from relations","display_name":"Algorithms for inferring functional dependencies from relations","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2077053297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-023x(94)90023-x","mag":"2077053297"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0169-023x(94)90023-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-023x(94)90023-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136993123","display_name":"Data & Knowledge Engineering","issn_l":"0169-023X","issn":["0169-023X","1872-6933"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data & Knowledge Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013005096","display_name":"Heikki Mannila","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heikki Mannila","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 26, SF. 00014 Helsinki, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 26, SF. 00014 Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015385215","display_name":"Kari\u2010Jouko R\u00e4ih\u00e4","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5639-975X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133110","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":null,"country_code":"FI","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kari-Jouko R\u00e4ih\u00e4","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Tampere, P.O. Box 607, SF.33101 Tampere, Finland","Dept. of Computer Science, University of Tampere, P.O.Box 607 SF-33101 TAMPERE, Finland#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Tampere, P.O. Box 607, SF.33101 Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849","https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, University of Tampere, P.O.Box 607 SF-33101 TAMPERE, Finland#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849","https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015385215"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849","https://openalex.org/I4210133110"],"apc_list":{"value":2590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2590},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.08,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":195,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97331886,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"83","last_page":"99"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-dependency","display_name":"Functional dependency","score":0.8954840302467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency-theory","display_name":"Dependency theory (database theory)","score":0.8206300735473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6717288494110107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.575606644153595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5708180665969849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5527759790420532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypergraph","display_name":"Hypergraph","score":0.545033872127533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.5207893252372742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.497085839509964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sorting","display_name":"Sorting","score":0.48048606514930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relational-database","display_name":"Relational database","score":0.48038774728775024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.47907501459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.4510487914085388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transversal","display_name":"Transversal (combinatorics)","score":0.4168110191822052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3655513525009155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33848315477371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31768667697906494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2465260922908783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.08851882815361023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26320393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q597053","display_name":"Functional dependency","level":3,"score":0.8954840302467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40683218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5260625","display_name":"Dependency theory (database theory)","level":4,"score":0.8206300735473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6717288494110107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.575606644153595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5708180665969849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5527759790420532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781221856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840247","display_name":"Hypergraph","level":2,"score":0.545033872127533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5207893252372742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.497085839509964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111696304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2303697","display_name":"Sorting","level":2,"score":0.48048606514930725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5655090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192588","display_name":"Relational database","level":2,"score":0.48038774728775024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.47907501459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4510487914085388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780130068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2208651","display_name":"Transversal (combinatorics)","level":2,"score":0.4168110191822052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3655513525009155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33848315477371216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31768667697906494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2465260922908783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.08851882815361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0169-023x(94)90023-x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-023x(94)90023-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136993123","display_name":"Data & Knowledge Engineering","issn_l":"0169-023X","issn":["0169-023X","1872-6933"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data & Knowledge Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W23418094","https://openalex.org/W43035074","https://openalex.org/W44692968","https://openalex.org/W56430906","https://openalex.org/W103073075","https://openalex.org/W115248978","https://openalex.org/W180578187","https://openalex.org/W1503312825","https://openalex.org/W1552346309","https://openalex.org/W1556771345","https://openalex.org/W1562478345","https://openalex.org/W1596324102","https://openalex.org/W1972004026","https://openalex.org/W1999546860","https://openalex.org/W2007940874","https://openalex.org/W2050480346","https://openalex.org/W2082430817","https://openalex.org/W2084095551","https://openalex.org/W2086073919","https://openalex.org/W2089417393","https://openalex.org/W2091683358","https://openalex.org/W2098102356","https://openalex.org/W2098733151","https://openalex.org/W2104499736","https://openalex.org/W2115822498","https://openalex.org/W2123671027","https://openalex.org/W2154784170","https://openalex.org/W2156144659","https://openalex.org/W2162621793","https://openalex.org/W2275773297","https://openalex.org/W2568108772","https://openalex.org/W2571507267","https://openalex.org/W2913793034","https://openalex.org/W6600961049","https://openalex.org/W6601749026","https://openalex.org/W6601824007","https://openalex.org/W6602195917","https://openalex.org/W6604145259","https://openalex.org/W6604799861","https://openalex.org/W6643013987","https://openalex.org/W6649845510","https://openalex.org/W6671170882","https://openalex.org/W6675249881","https://openalex.org/W6682644823","https://openalex.org/W6683047403","https://openalex.org/W6731286228","https://openalex.org/W6758679421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2039445786","https://openalex.org/W2884840983","https://openalex.org/W2185054849","https://openalex.org/W2274317205","https://openalex.org/W2072838038","https://openalex.org/W2273673275","https://openalex.org/W1601072612","https://openalex.org/W2582695666","https://openalex.org/W2807313188","https://openalex.org/W3111672439"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}