{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2029825967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-023x(92)90015-4","title":"Combining paradigms in knowledge engineering","display_name":"Combining paradigms in knowledge engineering","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2029825967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-023x(92)90015-4","mag":"2029825967"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0169-023x(92)90015-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-023x(92)90015-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136993123","display_name":"Data & Knowledge Engineering","issn_l":"0169-023X","issn":["0169-023X","1872-6933"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data &amp; Knowledge Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050537131","display_name":"Brian R. Gaines","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3659-1450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brian R Gaines","raw_affiliation_strings":["Knowledge Science Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Knowledge Science Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111495594","display_name":"Alain Rappaport","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alain T Rappaport","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neuron Data, 156 University Avenue, Palo Alto, CA94301, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuron Data, 156 University Avenue, Palo Alto, CA94301, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110820919","display_name":"Mildred L. G. Shaw","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mildred L.G Shaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Knowledge Science Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Knowledge Science Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050537131"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"],"apc_list":{"value":2590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2590},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8792,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9328639,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9751999974250793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.7953563332557678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-acquisition","display_name":"Knowledge acquisition","score":0.7305471301078796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7142210006713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypermedia","display_name":"Hypermedia","score":0.5850837826728821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-engineering","display_name":"Knowledge engineering","score":0.5500718951225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-integration","display_name":"Knowledge integration","score":0.5430594682693481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-system","display_name":"Expert system","score":0.48762550950050354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-based-systems","display_name":"Knowledge-based systems","score":0.46482518315315247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.4365021586418152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-knowledge-base-connectivity","display_name":"Open Knowledge Base Connectivity","score":0.4278775751590729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.41876423358917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.41432806849479675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3980414569377899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.2527045011520386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22481375932693481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-knowledge-management","display_name":"Personal knowledge management","score":0.17280876636505127}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.7953563332557678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777220311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423340","display_name":"Knowledge acquisition","level":2,"score":0.7305471301078796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7142210006713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780126544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837900","display_name":"Hypermedia","level":2,"score":0.5850837826728821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84685590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540472","display_name":"Knowledge engineering","level":2,"score":0.5500718951225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56289545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423376","display_name":"Knowledge integration","level":3,"score":0.5430594682693481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.48762550950050354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115925183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412694","display_name":"Knowledge-based systems","level":2,"score":0.46482518315315247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.4365021586418152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29804473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2025711","display_name":"Open Knowledge Base Connectivity","level":4,"score":0.4278775751590729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.41876423358917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.41432806849479675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3980414569377899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.2527045011520386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22481375932693481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187572123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2034224","display_name":"Personal knowledge management","level":3,"score":0.17280876636505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169735623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430172","display_name":"Organizational learning","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0169-023x(92)90015-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-023x(92)90015-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136993123","display_name":"Data & Knowledge Engineering","issn_l":"0169-023X","issn":["0169-023X","1872-6933"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Data &amp; Knowledge Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8115016","https://openalex.org/W139371050","https://openalex.org/W157699117","https://openalex.org/W1511264020","https://openalex.org/W1512480987","https://openalex.org/W1512582406","https://openalex.org/W1564273860","https://openalex.org/W1576413383","https://openalex.org/W1592089885","https://openalex.org/W1955228850","https://openalex.org/W1978515644","https://openalex.org/W1979651077","https://openalex.org/W1995158221","https://openalex.org/W1998414717","https://openalex.org/W1999735230","https://openalex.org/W2008401014","https://openalex.org/W2011288677","https://openalex.org/W2013578649","https://openalex.org/W2029536189","https://openalex.org/W2041817875","https://openalex.org/W2042983236","https://openalex.org/W2050572418","https://openalex.org/W2052155864","https://openalex.org/W2057871830","https://openalex.org/W2058077251","https://openalex.org/W2062411341","https://openalex.org/W2085196316","https://openalex.org/W2089536633","https://openalex.org/W2113332236","https://openalex.org/W2128420091","https://openalex.org/W2132690731","https://openalex.org/W2144501820","https://openalex.org/W2149225830","https://openalex.org/W2170826635","https://openalex.org/W2329112884","https://openalex.org/W2343354054","https://openalex.org/W2406327145","https://openalex.org/W2787974874","https://openalex.org/W2912426091","https://openalex.org/W6600327514","https://openalex.org/W6606433946","https://openalex.org/W6630437818","https://openalex.org/W6630764733","https://openalex.org/W6635462986","https://openalex.org/W6661055293","https://openalex.org/W6759137096","https://openalex.org/W7057515472"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2117953043","https://openalex.org/W2125479495","https://openalex.org/W2140138473","https://openalex.org/W129258864","https://openalex.org/W4283707695","https://openalex.org/W1701657755","https://openalex.org/W233420516","https://openalex.org/W2012720743","https://openalex.org/W2066596929","https://openalex.org/W2714501393"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
