{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1980848258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-9236(95)00019-4","title":"Constraint by example","display_name":"Constraint by example","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1980848258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-9236(95)00019-4","mag":"1980848258"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0167-9236(95)00019-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-9236(95)00019-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11479521","display_name":"Decision Support Systems","issn_l":"0167-9236","issn":["0167-9236","1873-5797"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Decision Support Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-9236(95)00019-4","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046769089","display_name":"Levent V. Orman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Levent V. Orman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, Malott Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, Malott Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046769089"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"apc_list":{"value":3280,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3280},"apc_paid":{"value":3280,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3280},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14745947,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"3","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8085227012634277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-integrity","display_name":"Data integrity","score":0.5679206848144531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterexample","display_name":"Counterexample","score":0.5657221674919128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.5537256598472595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-quality","display_name":"Data quality","score":0.5301673412322998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5195794105529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relational-database","display_name":"Relational database","score":0.5175237655639648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-model","display_name":"Data model (GIS)","score":0.46520763635635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.4521428048610687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-data-model","display_name":"Semantic data model","score":0.4440324008464813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.40837422013282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13431838154792786}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8085227012634277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.5679206848144531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162838799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596077","display_name":"Counterexample","level":2,"score":0.5657221674919128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.5537256598472595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24756922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757694","display_name":"Data quality","level":3,"score":0.5301673412322998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5195794105529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5655090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192588","display_name":"Relational database","level":2,"score":0.5175237655639648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100463513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227322","display_name":"Data model (GIS)","level":2,"score":0.46520763635635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.4521428048610687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90312973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449052","display_name":"Semantic data model","level":2,"score":0.4440324008464813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.40837422013282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13431838154792786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0167-9236(95)00019-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-9236(95)00019-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11479521","display_name":"Decision Support Systems","issn_l":"0167-9236","issn":["0167-9236","1873-5797"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Decision Support Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0167-9236(95)00019-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-9236(95)00019-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11479521","display_name":"Decision Support Systems","issn_l":"0167-9236","issn":["0167-9236","1873-5797"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Decision Support Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W199780592","https://openalex.org/W1533270337","https://openalex.org/W1967507544","https://openalex.org/W2049496693","https://openalex.org/W2069297778","https://openalex.org/W2090409094","https://openalex.org/W2098725244","https://openalex.org/W2099805467","https://openalex.org/W2103219113","https://openalex.org/W2115892454","https://openalex.org/W2116133297","https://openalex.org/W2130474477","https://openalex.org/W2155268659","https://openalex.org/W2171658883","https://openalex.org/W4254975813","https://openalex.org/W6631961096","https://openalex.org/W6664074213"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3089353361","https://openalex.org/W214590834","https://openalex.org/W1530586715","https://openalex.org/W1966209153","https://openalex.org/W2009880408","https://openalex.org/W2033996095","https://openalex.org/W296732031","https://openalex.org/W1977484138","https://openalex.org/W3162529344","https://openalex.org/W2403346309"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"First":[0],"order":[1,63,73],"static":[2],"database":[3,34],"constraints":[4,52,64,104,117,197],"are":[5,19,118],"expressed":[6],"as":[7,22,30,53,65],"counterexamples,":[8,66],"i.e.,":[9],"examples":[10],"that":[11,198],"violate":[12],"the":[13,16,51,57,110,171,200],"integrity":[14],"of":[15,96,103,112,123,141,177],"database.":[17,58],"Examples":[18],"data":[20,48,55,129,153,168],"and":[21,28,39,41,56,91,93,136,157,160,173,193,206],"such":[23,125],"they":[24],"can":[25,188],"be":[26,189],"specified":[27],"stored":[29],"data,":[31,164],"structured":[32],"into":[33],"files":[35],"for":[36,71,98],"efficient":[37,89,94,101],"search":[38,90],"retrieval,":[40,92],"enforced":[42],"efficiently":[43],"since":[44,116],"enforcement":[45],"reduces":[46],"to":[47,84,107,109,147,162],"comparison":[49],"between":[50,203],"example":[54],"To":[59],"express":[60],"all":[61],"first":[62,72],"a":[67,121,138],"new":[68],"normal":[69],"form":[70],"logic":[74],"is":[75,82,105],"created":[76],"which,":[77],"after":[78],"some":[79],"syntactic":[80],"transformation,":[81],"amenable":[83],"storage":[85],"in":[86,120,133],"flat":[87],"files,":[88],"testing":[95],"models":[97,169,187],"validity.":[99],"Such":[100],"management":[102],"likely":[106],"lead":[108],"development":[111],"large":[113],"constraint":[114],"bases":[115],"useful":[119],"variety":[122,140],"contexts":[124],"as:":[126],"1.":[127],"Maintaining":[128],"quality":[130],"by":[131,155,195],"catching":[132],"real":[134],"time":[135],"eliminating":[137],"wide":[139],"errors":[142],"ranging":[143],"from":[144],"typing":[145],"mistakes":[146],"complex":[148,185],"semantic":[149,167],"violations,":[150],"2.":[151],"Enforcing":[152],"security":[154],"monitoring":[156],"authorizing":[158],"access":[159],"modification":[161],"protected":[163],"3.":[165],"Implementing":[166],"within":[170],"simpler":[172],"better":[174],"understood":[175],"environment":[176],"relational":[178],"model,":[179],"4.":[180],"Building":[181],"model":[182],"libraries":[183],"where":[184],"decision":[186],"described,":[190],"stored,":[191],"retrieved,":[192],"manipulated":[194],"using":[196],"establish":[199],"logical":[201],"relationships":[202],"their":[204],"inputs":[205],"outputs.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}