{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2010263988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8655(94)00116-k","title":"An optimised distance method for character recognition","display_name":"An optimised distance method for character recognition","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2010263988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8655(94)00116-k","mag":"2010263988"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0167-8655(94)00116-k","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8655(94)00116-k","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151820558","display_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","issn_l":"0167-8655","issn":["0167-8655","1872-7344"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005630466","display_name":"W.P. de Waard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109701","display_name":"KPN (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/01kzrk477","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109701"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"W.P. de Waard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Royal PTT Nederland N.V., PTT Research, P.O. Box 421, 2260 AK Leidschendam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Royal PTT Nederland N.V., PTT Research, P.O. Box 421, 2260 AK Leidschendam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005630466"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109701"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11954599,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"5","first_page":"499","last_page":"506"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.7100071907043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7001323103904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6968406438827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.6584747433662415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6470260620117188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6295528411865234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.6098557114601135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5515239238739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.44088461995124817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.43836721777915955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.43613767623901367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4317023456096649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3550814390182495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.30581191182136536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.2849341928958893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.18023020029067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.10895159840583801}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.7100071907043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7001323103904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6968406438827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.6584747433662415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6470260620117188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6295528411865234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.6098557114601135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5515239238739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.44088461995124817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.43836721777915955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.43613767623901367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4317023456096649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3550814390182495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30581191182136536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.2849341928958893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.18023020029067993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.10895159840583801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0167-8655(94)00116-k","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8655(94)00116-k","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151820558","display_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","issn_l":"0167-8655","issn":["0167-8655","1872-7344"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26450609","https://openalex.org/W1519957219","https://openalex.org/W1587362683","https://openalex.org/W2008969034","https://openalex.org/W2034606357","https://openalex.org/W2106518186","https://openalex.org/W2117671523","https://openalex.org/W3134726576"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2807901368","https://openalex.org/W2158491338","https://openalex.org/W2133733652","https://openalex.org/W2072658171","https://openalex.org/W2606392311","https://openalex.org/W4385956668","https://openalex.org/W2892704491","https://openalex.org/W2106936331","https://openalex.org/W1985626581","https://openalex.org/W2510702936"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}