{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1986324151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8655(93)90096-v","title":"Building a new generation of handwriting recognition systems","display_name":"Building a new generation of handwriting recognition systems","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1986324151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8655(93)90096-v","mag":"1986324151"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0167-8655(93)90096-v","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8655(93)90096-v","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151820558","display_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","issn_l":"0167-8655","issn":["0167-8655","1872-7344"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059479627","display_name":"Ching Y. Suen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1209-7631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C.Y. Suen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Pattern Recognition & Machine Intelligence, Concordia University, Montr\u00e9al, Canada H3G 1M8"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Pattern Recognition & Machine Intelligence, Concordia University, Montr\u00e9al, Canada H3G 1M8","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020203601","display_name":"R. Legault","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Legault","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Pattern Recognition & Machine Intelligence, Concordia University, Montr\u00e9al, Canada H3G 1M8"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Pattern Recognition & Machine Intelligence, Concordia University, Montr\u00e9al, Canada H3G 1M8","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076243535","display_name":"C. Nadal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Nadal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Pattern Recognition & Machine Intelligence, Concordia University, Montr\u00e9al, Canada H3G 1M8"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Pattern Recognition & Machine Intelligence, Concordia University, Montr\u00e9al, Canada H3G 1M8","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015410834","display_name":"Mohamed Cheriet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5246-7265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Cheriet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Pattern Recognition & Machine Intelligence, Concordia University, Montr\u00e9al, Canada H3G 1M8"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Pattern Recognition & Machine Intelligence, Concordia University, Montr\u00e9al, Canada H3G 1M8","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033578262","display_name":"Louisa Lam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1439-0893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Lam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Pattern Recognition & Machine Intelligence, Concordia University, Montr\u00e9al, Canada H3G 1M8"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Pattern Recognition & Machine Intelligence, Concordia University, Montr\u00e9al, Canada H3G 1M8","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059479627"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.2303,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":107,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96912661,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"303","last_page":"315"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.851725697517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7502381801605225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-character-recognition","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","score":0.7139207720756531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.690014123916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.58356773853302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4932529330253601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch-recognition","display_name":"Sketch recognition","score":0.4894088804721832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.3546183407306671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.33023640513420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.16033935546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture-recognition","display_name":"Gesture recognition","score":0.1382300853729248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.05003482103347778}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.851725697517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7502381801605225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44868376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3099089","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","level":4,"score":0.7139207720756531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.690014123916626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.58356773853302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4932529330253601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132900626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534733","display_name":"Sketch recognition","level":4,"score":0.4894088804721832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.3546183407306671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.33023640513420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.16033935546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.1382300853729248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.05003482103347778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0167-8655(93)90096-v","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8655(93)90096-v","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151820558","display_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","issn_l":"0167-8655","issn":["0167-8655","1872-7344"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39235440","https://openalex.org/W104492682","https://openalex.org/W155215429","https://openalex.org/W1963892690","https://openalex.org/W1964127370","https://openalex.org/W1964806108","https://openalex.org/W1968762526","https://openalex.org/W1968810708","https://openalex.org/W1972703995","https://openalex.org/W1977186532","https://openalex.org/W1977791751","https://openalex.org/W1979668125","https://openalex.org/W1989915374","https://openalex.org/W1991015216","https://openalex.org/W1998995881","https://openalex.org/W2000821228","https://openalex.org/W2002730082","https://openalex.org/W2018759723","https://openalex.org/W2020096152","https://openalex.org/W2027929604","https://openalex.org/W2033661102","https://openalex.org/W2046485094","https://openalex.org/W2055075080","https://openalex.org/W2055328713","https://openalex.org/W2059997103","https://openalex.org/W2062361515","https://openalex.org/W2063075605","https://openalex.org/W2072181047","https://openalex.org/W2089246577","https://openalex.org/W2093439427","https://openalex.org/W2104881418","https://openalex.org/W2111939548","https://openalex.org/W2127683256","https://openalex.org/W2128446254","https://openalex.org/W2158008371","https://openalex.org/W2607313294","https://openalex.org/W2899605173","https://openalex.org/W3117290108","https://openalex.org/W4251165837","https://openalex.org/W6601636385","https://openalex.org/W6606321888","https://openalex.org/W6648035711","https://openalex.org/W6662439899","https://openalex.org/W6665955013","https://openalex.org/W6675783614","https://openalex.org/W6678617236","https://openalex.org/W6679268683","https://openalex.org/W6712415585","https://openalex.org/W6736827995"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3047607512","https://openalex.org/W3003949997","https://openalex.org/W4390983538","https://openalex.org/W2110485610","https://openalex.org/W4309724674","https://openalex.org/W183832189","https://openalex.org/W3163065387","https://openalex.org/W2406729210","https://openalex.org/W2167285466","https://openalex.org/W2125213899"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}