{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2141265687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8655(92)90133-k","title":"A word shape analysis approach to lexicon based word recognition","display_name":"A word shape analysis approach to lexicon based word recognition","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2141265687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8655(92)90133-k","mag":"2141265687"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0167-8655(92)90133-k","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8655(92)90133-k","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151820558","display_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","issn_l":"0167-8655","issn":["0167-8655","1872-7344"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101435406","display_name":"Tin Kam Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9635-1769"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tin Kam Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Document Analysis and Recognition, State University of New York at Buffalo, 226 Bell Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Document Analysis and Recognition, State University of New York at Buffalo, 226 Bell Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103375406","display_name":"Jonathan J. Hull","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan J. Hull","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Document Analysis and Recognition, State University of New York at Buffalo, 226 Bell Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Document Analysis and Recognition, State University of New York at Buffalo, 226 Bell Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102711181","display_name":"Sargur N. Srihari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sargur N. Srihari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Document Analysis and Recognition, State University of New York at Buffalo, 226 Bell Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Document Analysis and Recognition, State University of New York at Buffalo, 226 Bell Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101435406"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1932,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89369628,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"11","first_page":"821","last_page":"826"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9218999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.8374975919723511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7373853921890259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexicon","display_name":"Lexicon","score":0.7244565486907959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6950680017471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6781188249588013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.5993834733963013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-segmentation","display_name":"Text segmentation","score":0.5416647791862488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-recognition","display_name":"Word recognition","score":0.507958710193634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5074116587638855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5051801800727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4602670967578888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4248770773410797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-lists-by-frequency","display_name":"Word lists by frequency","score":0.42392563819885254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.23190054297447205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13270333409309387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.08172646164894104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.06551635265350342}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.8374975919723511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7373853921890259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096","display_name":"Lexicon","level":2,"score":0.7244565486907959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6950680017471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6781188249588013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5993834733963013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98501671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1948408","display_name":"Text segmentation","level":3,"score":0.5416647791862488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150856459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034367","display_name":"Word recognition","level":3,"score":0.507958710193634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5074116587638855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5051801800727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4602670967578888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4248770773410797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175293574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q697133","display_name":"Word lists by frequency","level":3,"score":0.42392563819885254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.23190054297447205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13270333409309387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.08172646164894104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.06551635265350342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0167-8655(92)90133-k","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8655(92)90133-k","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S151820558","display_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","issn_l":"0167-8655","issn":["0167-8655","1872-7344"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.25.1394","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.25.1394","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ampl.com/who/tkh/papers/wordshape.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2038658268","https://openalex.org/W2054804336","https://openalex.org/W2294170637","https://openalex.org/W3017143921"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1588516692","https://openalex.org/W2127709934","https://openalex.org/W3136209078","https://openalex.org/W2089917660","https://openalex.org/W2032511029","https://openalex.org/W2147102537","https://openalex.org/W1970935140","https://openalex.org/W2393940967","https://openalex.org/W4390986482","https://openalex.org/W2346578824"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}