{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2041443165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-739x(92)90016-5","title":"Sigma system: Concepts and structure","display_name":"Sigma system: Concepts and structure","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2041443165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-739x(92)90016-5","mag":"2041443165"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0167-739x(92)90016-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-739x(92)90016-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186357190","display_name":"Future Generation Computer Systems","issn_l":"0167-739X","issn":["0167-739X","1872-7115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Generation Computer Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014967430","display_name":"Noboru Akima","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134060","display_name":"Information-Technology Promotion Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/034e1cb35","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287223417","https://openalex.org/I4210134060"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noboru Akima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan, 5F Akihabara Sanwa Toyo Bldg. 3-16-8, Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan, 5F Akihabara Sanwa Toyo Bldg. 3-16-8, Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134060"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112735947","display_name":"Shuji Nakata","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuji Nakata","raw_affiliation_strings":["SIGMA SYSTEM, Inc., 6F Akihabara Sanwa Toyo Bldg. 3-16-8, Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SIGMA SYSTEM, Inc., 6F Akihabara Sanwa Toyo Bldg. 3-16-8, Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062603526","display_name":"Akiyoshi Nishijima","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akiyoshi Nishijima","raw_affiliation_strings":["SIGMA SYSTEM, Inc., 6F Akihabara Sanwa Toyo Bldg. 3-16-8, Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SIGMA SYSTEM, Inc., 6F Akihabara Sanwa Toyo Bldg. 3-16-8, Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112077839","display_name":"Tetsuya KUBO","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tetsuya Kubo","raw_affiliation_strings":["SIGMA SYSTEM, Inc., 6F Akihabara Sanwa Toyo Bldg. 3-16-8, Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SIGMA SYSTEM, Inc., 6F Akihabara Sanwa Toyo Bldg. 3-16-8, Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111729394","display_name":"Yasuo Konishi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasuo Konishi","raw_affiliation_strings":["SIGMA SYSTEM, Inc., 6F Akihabara Sanwa Toyo Bldg. 3-16-8, Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SIGMA SYSTEM, Inc., 6F Akihabara Sanwa Toyo Bldg. 3-16-8, Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3340,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3340},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24169266,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2-3","first_page":"293","last_page":"302"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/six-sigma","display_name":"Six Sigma","score":0.7655616998672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7107992172241211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5738139152526855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity","display_name":"Productivity","score":0.5206419825553894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5077451467514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.4790966808795929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.4446825087070465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-management","display_name":"Engineering management","score":0.3482220768928528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.33702731132507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.32151076197624207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-engineering","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","score":0.2167118489742279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.15412679314613342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10078224539756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08680930733680725}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23119410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236908","display_name":"Six Sigma","level":3,"score":0.7655616998672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7107992172241211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5738139152526855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.5206419825553894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5077451467514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.4790966808795929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4446825087070465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.3482220768928528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.33702731132507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.32151076197624207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117671659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","level":1,"score":0.2167118489742279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.15412679314613342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10078224539756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08680930733680725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137335462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380772","display_name":"Lean manufacturing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0167-739x(92)90016-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-739x(92)90016-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S186357190","display_name":"Future Generation Computer Systems","issn_l":"0167-739X","issn":["0167-739X","1872-7115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Generation Computer Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2082437900","https://openalex.org/W2086306918","https://openalex.org/W2154774499"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2476117260","https://openalex.org/W2770531922","https://openalex.org/W1845068655","https://openalex.org/W4321354308","https://openalex.org/W3118244000","https://openalex.org/W3121161786","https://openalex.org/W2290299503","https://openalex.org/W3029851195","https://openalex.org/W2046884474","https://openalex.org/W2183585111"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}