{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997227120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6393(94)00044-b","title":"Effects of age of second-language learning on the production of English consonants","display_name":"Effects of age of second-language learning on the production of English consonants","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997227120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6393(94)00044-b","mag":"1997227120"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0167-6393(94)00044-b","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6393(94)00044-b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128025751","display_name":"Speech Communication","issn_l":"0167-6393","issn":["0167-6393","1872-7182"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Speech Communication","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110141529","display_name":"James Emil Flege","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151352","display_name":"Biocom","ror":"https://ror.org/03ymdxs56","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151352"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James Emil Flege","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biocommunication, VH 503, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 45294-0019, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biocommunication, VH 503, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 45294-0019, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192","https://openalex.org/I4210151352"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074908809","display_name":"Murray J. Munro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5936-7750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18014758","display_name":"Simon Fraser University","ror":"https://ror.org/0213rcc28","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151352","display_name":"Biocom","ror":"https://ror.org/03ymdxs56","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151352"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Murray J. Munro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biocommunication, VH 503, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 45294-0019, USA","Now at Department of Linguistics, Simon Fraser University USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biocommunication, VH 503, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 45294-0019, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192","https://openalex.org/I4210151352"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Now at Department of Linguistics, Simon Fraser University USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043264271","display_name":"I. Mackay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0171-7890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian R.A. Mackay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Linguistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","Department of Linguistics University of Ottawa Ottawa Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Linguistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Linguistics University of Ottawa Ottawa Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110141529"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192","https://openalex.org/I4210151352"],"apc_list":{"value":2870,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2870},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.174,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":269,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97206005,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10403","display_name":"Phonetics and Phonology Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11640","display_name":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syllable","display_name":"Syllable","score":0.5553362965583801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.5297160148620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consonant","display_name":"Consonant","score":0.48329856991767883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/first-language","display_name":"First language","score":0.4412741959095001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-english","display_name":"American English","score":0.43358373641967773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.4169888496398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3970469832420349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humanities","display_name":"Humanities","score":0.36065682768821716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.3405488133430481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.08694398403167725}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109089402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8188","display_name":"Syllable","level":2,"score":0.5553362965583801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5297160148620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778203577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38035","display_name":"Consonant","level":3,"score":0.48329856991767883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171041071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36870","display_name":"First language","level":2,"score":0.4412741959095001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777939226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7976","display_name":"American English","level":2,"score":0.43358373641967773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.4169888496398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3970469832420349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15708023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80083","display_name":"Humanities","level":1,"score":0.36065682768821716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3405488133430481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.08694398403167725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779581591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36244","display_name":"Vowel","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0167-6393(94)00044-b","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6393(94)00044-b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128025751","display_name":"Speech Communication","issn_l":"0167-6393","issn":["0167-6393","1872-7182"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Speech Communication","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7699999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W91681889","https://openalex.org/W328540900","https://openalex.org/W568181886","https://openalex.org/W652994534","https://openalex.org/W659179819","https://openalex.org/W1489401745","https://openalex.org/W1491767415","https://openalex.org/W1967378640","https://openalex.org/W1969176743","https://openalex.org/W1976053023","https://openalex.org/W1977770926","https://openalex.org/W1980087268","https://openalex.org/W1987990208","https://openalex.org/W1989864220","https://openalex.org/W1992484435","https://openalex.org/W2001396852","https://openalex.org/W2011494013","https://openalex.org/W2019304146","https://openalex.org/W2025848591","https://openalex.org/W2031438579","https://openalex.org/W2034658764","https://openalex.org/W2052310770","https://openalex.org/W2055870134","https://openalex.org/W2061368037","https://openalex.org/W2067059929","https://openalex.org/W2067071521","https://openalex.org/W2067476336","https://openalex.org/W2071422904","https://openalex.org/W2072416986","https://openalex.org/W2074436855","https://openalex.org/W2084401000","https://openalex.org/W2089163237","https://openalex.org/W2096706337","https://openalex.org/W2096989715","https://openalex.org/W2098946202","https://openalex.org/W2108615210","https://openalex.org/W2115912711","https://openalex.org/W2154095608","https://openalex.org/W2162911174","https://openalex.org/W2166754847","https://openalex.org/W2201554113","https://openalex.org/W2243152041","https://openalex.org/W2289074721","https://openalex.org/W2291973994","https://openalex.org/W2411353279","https://openalex.org/W2487494257","https://openalex.org/W2488200151","https://openalex.org/W2786031913","https://openalex.org/W2905954016","https://openalex.org/W2984010420","https://openalex.org/W2989622610","https://openalex.org/W3024853894","https://openalex.org/W3174402207","https://openalex.org/W4255829101","https://openalex.org/W4294489724","https://openalex.org/W6611200291","https://openalex.org/W6667398824","https://openalex.org/W6682841993","https://openalex.org/W6722345711","https://openalex.org/W6724197119","https://openalex.org/W6796759665","https://openalex.org/W6823063920","https://openalex.org/W6823377705","https://openalex.org/W6832887893"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2379338161","https://openalex.org/W2083125711","https://openalex.org/W2354951577","https://openalex.org/W2024527724","https://openalex.org/W2389094966","https://openalex.org/W1915454289","https://openalex.org/W2106571394","https://openalex.org/W6375046","https://openalex.org/W2355736622","https://openalex.org/W2076031771"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
