{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2026696983","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4048(88)90506-8","title":"Element-level classification with A1 assurance","display_name":"Element-level classification with A1 assurance","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2026696983","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4048(88)90506-8","mag":"2026696983"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0167-4048(88)90506-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4048(88)90506-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12529635","display_name":"Computers & Security","issn_l":"0167-4048","issn":["0167-4048","1872-6208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers &amp; Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089859950","display_name":"Teresa F. Lunt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teresa F. Lunt","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI International, Computer Science Laboratory 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA","SRI International, Computer Science Laboratory 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International, Computer Science Laboratory 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International, Computer Science Laboratory 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037505845","display_name":"Dorothy E. Denning","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155281","display_name":"Gemini Computers (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/058646248","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155281"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dorothy E. Denning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gemini Computers, Inc. Post Office Box 222417, Carmel, California 93922, USA","SRI International, Computer Science Laboratory 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA","SRI International, Computer Science Laboratory 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gemini Computers, Inc. Post Office Box 222417, Carmel, California 93922, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155281"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International, Computer Science Laboratory 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International, Computer Science Laboratory 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005772448","display_name":"Roger R. Schell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5331-1780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155281","display_name":"Gemini Computers (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/058646248","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155281"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger R. Schell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gemini Computers, Inc. Post Office Box 222417, Carmel, California 93922, USA","Gemini Computers, Inc. Post Office Box 222417, Carmel, California 93922, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gemini Computers, Inc. Post Office Box 222417, Carmel, California 93922, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155281"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gemini Computers, Inc. Post Office Box 222417, Carmel, California 93922, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155281"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083901729","display_name":"Mark Heckman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155281","display_name":"Gemini Computers (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/058646248","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155281"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Heckman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gemini Computers, Inc. Post Office Box 222417, Carmel, California 93922, USA","Gemini Computers, Inc. Post Office Box 222417, Carmel, California 93922, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gemini Computers, Inc. Post Office Box 222417, Carmel, California 93922, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155281"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gemini Computers, Inc. Post Office Box 222417, Carmel, California 93922, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155281"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009463621","display_name":"W.R. Shockley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155281","display_name":"Gemini Computers (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/058646248","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155281"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William R. Shockley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gemini Computers, Inc. Post Office Box 222417, Carmel, California 93922, USA","Gemini Computers, Inc. Post Office Box 222417, Carmel, California 93922, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gemini Computers, Inc. Post Office Box 222417, Carmel, California 93922, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155281"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gemini Computers, Inc. Post Office Box 222417, Carmel, California 93922, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155281"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.6713,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96653663,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"73","last_page":"82"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7534707188606262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5917978882789612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relational-database","display_name":"Relational database","score":0.5765601396560669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5558562278747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/element","display_name":"Element (criminal law)","score":0.5493927001953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decomposition","display_name":"Decomposition","score":0.47260668873786926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.4715029299259186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.46649739146232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relational-database-management-system","display_name":"Relational database management system","score":0.45361968874931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base","display_name":"Base (topology)","score":0.4224199652671814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18861135840415955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09427884221076965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09140384197235107}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7534707188606262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5917978882789612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5655090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192588","display_name":"Relational database","level":2,"score":0.5765601396560669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5558562278747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200288055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2621792","display_name":"Element (criminal law)","level":2,"score":0.5493927001953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.47260668873786926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.4715029299259186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.46649739146232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24394798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192588","display_name":"Relational database management system","level":3,"score":0.45361968874931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.4224199652671814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18861135840415955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09427884221076965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09140384197235107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0167-4048(88)90506-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4048(88)90506-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12529635","display_name":"Computers & Security","issn_l":"0167-4048","issn":["0167-4048","1872-6208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers &amp; Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332467","display_name":"U.S. Air Force","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58255054","https://openalex.org/W160939377","https://openalex.org/W1991895580","https://openalex.org/W2008074667","https://openalex.org/W2031297062","https://openalex.org/W2053741629","https://openalex.org/W2138709157","https://openalex.org/W2138931076","https://openalex.org/W2169596245","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4298334431","https://openalex.org/W6602346783","https://openalex.org/W6652322344","https://openalex.org/W6685003215"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W306357984","https://openalex.org/W2505630977","https://openalex.org/W2383709723","https://openalex.org/W1567213510","https://openalex.org/W2626533837","https://openalex.org/W2375584934","https://openalex.org/W1575529579","https://openalex.org/W2525788546","https://openalex.org/W2761120596","https://openalex.org/W1988380406"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T06:36:01.041984","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
