{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1692014323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4048(88)90327-6","title":"The application of epidemiology to computer viruses","display_name":"The application of epidemiology to computer viruses","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1692014323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4048(88)90327-6","mag":"1692014323"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0167-4048(88)90327-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4048(88)90327-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12529635","display_name":"Computers & Security","issn_l":"0167-4048","issn":["0167-4048","1872-6208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers & Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076626246","display_name":"William H. Murray","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112894","display_name":"Ernst & Young (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02c00bp33","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108721","https://openalex.org/I4210112894"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"W.H. Murray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ernst and Whinney, 2000 National City Center, Cleveland, OH 44114, U.S.A","Ernst and Whinney, 2000 National City Center, Cleveland, OH 44114, U.S.A.#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ernst and Whinney, 2000 National City Center, Cleveland, OH 44114, U.S.A","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ernst and Whinney, 2000 National City Center, Cleveland, OH 44114, U.S.A.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112894"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076626246"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112894"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7999,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":163,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89670755,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"139","last_page":"145"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.8521999716758728,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.8521999716758728,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11135","display_name":"Virology and Viral Diseases","score":0.7421000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-virus","display_name":"Computer virus","score":0.6316288709640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6079450845718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epidemiology","display_name":"Epidemiology","score":0.595084011554718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/column","display_name":"Column (typography)","score":0.5491806864738464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.42952799797058105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3241957426071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.21850517392158508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.21562564373016357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2139485478401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09079629182815552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.08179020881652832}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19407854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485","display_name":"Computer virus","level":2,"score":0.6316288709640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6079450845718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.595084011554718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780551164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2306599","display_name":"Column (typography)","level":3,"score":0.5491806864738464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.42952799797058105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3241957426071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.21850517392158508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.21562564373016357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2139485478401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09079629182815552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.08179020881652832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0167-4048(88)90327-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4048(88)90327-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S12529635","display_name":"Computers & Security","issn_l":"0167-4048","issn":["0167-4048","1872-6208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers & Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1582350176","https://openalex.org/W2072651649","https://openalex.org/W6607567237","https://openalex.org/W6714479779"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2181722423","https://openalex.org/W599478544","https://openalex.org/W1576711507","https://openalex.org/W4315815102","https://openalex.org/W4301294434","https://openalex.org/W647896512","https://openalex.org/W3121757313","https://openalex.org/W2375230656","https://openalex.org/W4231462739","https://openalex.org/W562084794"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}