{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2039143573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0097-8493(85)90017-2","title":"Abstractions: A conceptual approach for structuring interaction with integrated CAD systems","display_name":"Abstractions: A conceptual approach for structuring interaction with integrated CAD systems","publication_year":1985,"publication_date":"1985-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2039143573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0097-8493(85)90017-2","mag":"2039143573"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0097-8493(85)90017-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0097-8493(85)90017-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S94821547","display_name":"Computers & Graphics","issn_l":"0097-8493","issn":["0097-8493","1873-7684"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers & Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"conference-abstract","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112024303","display_name":"Charles M. Eastman","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charles M. Eastman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Formative Technologies, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Formative Technologies, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112024303"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"97","last_page":"105"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11159","display_name":"Manufacturing Process and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10672","display_name":"Design Education and Practice","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11729","display_name":"Product Development and Customization","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.827463686466217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structuring","display_name":"Structuring","score":0.745985209941864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cad","display_name":"CAD","score":0.7255405783653259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.5686240196228027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-design","display_name":"Conceptual design","score":0.5228460431098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.40072232484817505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-drawing","display_name":"Engineering drawing","score":0.3626288175582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.3521873950958252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.34120190143585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.32098260521888733}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.827463686466217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775945657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381442","display_name":"Structuring","level":2,"score":0.745985209941864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194789388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17855283","display_name":"CAD","level":2,"score":0.7255405783653259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5686240196228027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120208923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5158435","display_name":"Conceptual design","level":2,"score":0.5228460431098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.40072232484817505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.3626288175582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3521873950958252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.34120190143585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.32098260521888733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0097-8493(85)90017-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0097-8493(85)90017-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S94821547","display_name":"Computers & Graphics","issn_l":"0097-8493","issn":["0097-8493","1873-7684"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers & Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337538","display_name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","ror":"https://ror.org/05w4e8v21"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W70575392","https://openalex.org/W223708592","https://openalex.org/W1500930938","https://openalex.org/W1591992422","https://openalex.org/W1986686330","https://openalex.org/W1989631754","https://openalex.org/W1998167229","https://openalex.org/W2048329304","https://openalex.org/W2070007162","https://openalex.org/W2073544767","https://openalex.org/W2091579301","https://openalex.org/W2093415968","https://openalex.org/W2146998551","https://openalex.org/W2912366913","https://openalex.org/W6602891179","https://openalex.org/W6629960110","https://openalex.org/W6662430418"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4251394462","https://openalex.org/W1580673008","https://openalex.org/W1510936208","https://openalex.org/W2486167009","https://openalex.org/W1595575899","https://openalex.org/W2357465569","https://openalex.org/W2966888100","https://openalex.org/W2347375777","https://openalex.org/W2382901435","https://openalex.org/W2368855410"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}