{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2053290598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-3203(91)90055-a","title":"Recognition of handwritten digits using template and model matching","display_name":"Recognition of handwritten digits using template and model matching","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2053290598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-3203(91)90055-a","mag":"2053290598"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0031-3203(91)90055-a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-3203(91)90055-a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S414566","display_name":"Pattern Recognition","issn_l":"0031-3203","issn":["0031-3203","1873-5142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057277525","display_name":"Paul Gader","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6276-9403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166437374","display_name":"Environmental Research Institute of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/0069kqw53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166437374"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Gader","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, P.O. Box 8618, Ann Arbor, MI 48107-8618, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, P.O. Box 8618, Ann Arbor, MI 48107-8618, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166437374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027345534","display_name":"Brian Forester","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166437374","display_name":"Environmental Research Institute of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/0069kqw53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166437374"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Forester","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, P.O. Box 8618, Ann Arbor, MI 48107-8618, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, P.O. Box 8618, Ann Arbor, MI 48107-8618, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166437374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056811940","display_name":"Margaret J. Ganzberger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166437374","display_name":"Environmental Research Institute of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/0069kqw53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166437374"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Margaret Ganzberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, P.O. Box 8618, Ann Arbor, MI 48107-8618, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, P.O. Box 8618, Ann Arbor, MI 48107-8618, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166437374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110589126","display_name":"Andrew Gillies","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166437374","display_name":"Environmental Research Institute of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/0069kqw53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166437374"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Gillies","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, P.O. Box 8618, Ann Arbor, MI 48107-8618, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, P.O. Box 8618, Ann Arbor, MI 48107-8618, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166437374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075399673","display_name":"Brian T. Mitchell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166437374","display_name":"Environmental Research Institute of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/0069kqw53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166437374"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Mitchell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, P.O. Box 8618, Ann Arbor, MI 48107-8618, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, P.O. Box 8618, Ann Arbor, MI 48107-8618, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166437374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065096525","display_name":"Michael P. Whalen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166437374","display_name":"Environmental Research Institute of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/0069kqw53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166437374"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Whalen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, P.O. Box 8618, Ann Arbor, MI 48107-8618, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, P.O. Box 8618, Ann Arbor, MI 48107-8618, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166437374"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114839135","display_name":"Todd Yocum","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166437374","display_name":"Environmental Research Institute of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/0069kqw53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166437374"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd Yocum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, P.O. Box 8618, Ann Arbor, MI 48107-8618, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, P.O. Box 8618, Ann Arbor, MI 48107-8618, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166437374"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2710,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2710},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7179,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85146641,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"5","first_page":"421","last_page":"431"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numeral-system","display_name":"Numeral system","score":0.787732720375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7257771492004395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6826898455619812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/template-matching","display_name":"Template matching","score":0.6591547131538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.6448156833648682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.6048313975334167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6039099097251892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.5066400170326233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4951263964176178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4237600564956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digit-recognition","display_name":"Digit recognition","score":0.4205145537853241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18068185448646545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.17149516940116882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.1702289581298828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10011550784111023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204160518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122653","display_name":"Numeral system","level":2,"score":0.787732720375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7257771492004395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6826898455619812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158096908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3983303","display_name":"Template matching","level":3,"score":0.6591547131538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.6448156833648682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6048313975334167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6039099097251892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.5066400170326233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4951263964176178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4237600564956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984784707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Digit recognition","level":3,"score":0.4205145537853241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18068185448646545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.17149516940116882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.1702289581298828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10011550784111023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0031-3203(91)90055-a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-3203(91)90055-a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S414566","display_name":"Pattern Recognition","issn_l":"0031-3203","issn":["0031-3203","1873-5142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002448074","https://openalex.org/W2020096152","https://openalex.org/W2072440922"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539042112","https://openalex.org/W587872652","https://openalex.org/W2911525106","https://openalex.org/W1891915803","https://openalex.org/W2140531366","https://openalex.org/W1620730112","https://openalex.org/W3081833411","https://openalex.org/W2137566286","https://openalex.org/W2359754922","https://openalex.org/W2106123982"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}