{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2052668768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-3203(76)90037-6","title":"Approaches to chinese character recognition","display_name":"Approaches to chinese character recognition","publication_year":1976,"publication_date":"1976-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2052668768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-3203(76)90037-6","mag":"2052668768"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0031-3203(76)90037-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-3203(76)90037-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S414566","display_name":"Pattern Recognition","issn_l":"0031-3203","issn":["0031-3203","1873-5142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069535528","display_name":"William Stallings","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8911-6701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324225390","display_name":"Center for Naval Analyses","ror":"https://ror.org/000z4wj31","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324225390"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William Stallings","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Naval Analyses, 1401 Wilson Blvd. Arlington, VA 22209, U.S.A"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Naval Analyses, 1401 Wilson Blvd. Arlington, VA 22209, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324225390"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069535528"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324225390"],"apc_list":{"value":2710,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2710},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":29.3665,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99786667,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"87","last_page":"98"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9333999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7931713461875916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.6780501008033752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.6005013585090637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5850768089294434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5607330799102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-characters","display_name":"Chinese characters","score":0.5408210754394531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5341153740882874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projection","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","score":0.5245909094810486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.524291455745697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-character-recognition","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","score":0.48778778314590454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.4775153696537018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.47166335582733154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/document-processing","display_name":"Document processing","score":0.46336907148361206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kanji","display_name":"Kanji","score":0.4454341232776642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.4384947121143341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.43822258710861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1840234100818634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1265639364719391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07421469688415527}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7931713461875916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6780501008033752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.6005013585090637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5850768089294434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5607330799102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781051154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8201","display_name":"Chinese characters","level":2,"score":0.5408210754394531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5341153740882874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5245909094810486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.524291455745697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44868376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3099089","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","level":4,"score":0.48778778314590454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.4775153696537018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.47166335582733154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67905146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5287646","display_name":"Document processing","level":2,"score":0.46336907148361206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83535845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82772","display_name":"Kanji","level":3,"score":0.4454341232776642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.4384947121143341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.43822258710861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1840234100818634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1265639364719391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07421469688415527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0031-3203(76)90037-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-3203(76)90037-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S414566","display_name":"Pattern Recognition","issn_l":"0031-3203","issn":["0031-3203","1873-5142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Recognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.107.8591","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.107.8591","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cna.org/documents/5500015600.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W69827817","https://openalex.org/W115990828","https://openalex.org/W158994673","https://openalex.org/W267326371","https://openalex.org/W281778398","https://openalex.org/W288923579","https://openalex.org/W309397693","https://openalex.org/W322000433","https://openalex.org/W343426097","https://openalex.org/W768870172","https://openalex.org/W830739394","https://openalex.org/W1602252337","https://openalex.org/W1762316778","https://openalex.org/W1766631506","https://openalex.org/W1826198298","https://openalex.org/W1865124767","https://openalex.org/W1967226458","https://openalex.org/W1968461884","https://openalex.org/W1981229507","https://openalex.org/W1981419719","https://openalex.org/W1987193513","https://openalex.org/W1993138177","https://openalex.org/W1997420803","https://openalex.org/W2003009386","https://openalex.org/W2005643973","https://openalex.org/W2010060929","https://openalex.org/W2013863403","https://openalex.org/W2022035875","https://openalex.org/W2032327076","https://openalex.org/W2035609259","https://openalex.org/W2037544890","https://openalex.org/W2039210275","https://openalex.org/W2045468057","https://openalex.org/W2047783877","https://openalex.org/W2050691304","https://openalex.org/W2055016759","https://openalex.org/W2059107571","https://openalex.org/W2066709810","https://openalex.org/W2071868935","https://openalex.org/W2082222868","https://openalex.org/W2084852641","https://openalex.org/W2087123956","https://openalex.org/W2090232808","https://openalex.org/W2100066234","https://openalex.org/W2107770154","https://openalex.org/W2107939512","https://openalex.org/W2118848133","https://openalex.org/W2126960676","https://openalex.org/W2127030652","https://openalex.org/W2150683596","https://openalex.org/W2297005335","https://openalex.org/W2321542475","https://openalex.org/W2574298981","https://openalex.org/W2574967388","https://openalex.org/W2747093675","https://openalex.org/W2914483510","https://openalex.org/W3016171277","https://openalex.org/W3023681997","https://openalex.org/W3036916173","https://openalex.org/W3044248674","https://openalex.org/W3083700450","https://openalex.org/W4205975069","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6606493902","https://openalex.org/W6622532087","https://openalex.org/W6672355069","https://openalex.org/W6731923826"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2218402054","https://openalex.org/W4384296853","https://openalex.org/W2168844671","https://openalex.org/W954954433","https://openalex.org/W4320027814","https://openalex.org/W2183182603","https://openalex.org/W2188613573","https://openalex.org/W3128781766","https://openalex.org/W3044341113","https://openalex.org/W3035903760"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
