{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2067060908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0000(86)90028-0","title":"On the possibility and impossibility of achieving clock synchronization","display_name":"On the possibility and impossibility of achieving clock synchronization","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2067060908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0000(86)90028-0","mag":"2067060908"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0022-0000(86)90028-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0000(86)90028-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S141020589","display_name":"Journal of Computer and System Sciences","issn_l":"0022-0000","issn":["0022-0000","1090-2724"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer and System Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013225896","display_name":"Danny Dolev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8853-0644"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197251160","display_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","ror":"https://ror.org/03qxff017","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Danny Dolev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hebrew University, Givat Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hebrew University, Givat Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087025582","display_name":"Joseph Y. Halpern","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9229-1663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Y. Halpern","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Laboratory, San Jose, California 95193, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Laboratory, San Jose, California 95193, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067937822","display_name":"H. Raymond Strong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H.Raymond Strong","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research Laboratory, San Jose, California 95193, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research Laboratory, San Jose, California 95193, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013225896"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197251160"],"apc_list":{"value":2520,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2520},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2842,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":143,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92058133,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"2","first_page":"230","last_page":"250"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6974974274635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-drift","display_name":"Clock drift","score":0.690174400806427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.6574327349662781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vector-clock","display_name":"Vector clock","score":0.6502594947814941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-clock-manager","display_name":"Digital clock manager","score":0.6162827014923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impossibility","display_name":"Impossibility","score":0.6038241386413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-synchronization","display_name":"Clock synchronization","score":0.6017009615898132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5028442740440369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simultaneity","display_name":"Simultaneity","score":0.49212831258773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closeness","display_name":"Closeness","score":0.49113771319389343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-clocking-signal","display_name":"Self-clocking signal","score":0.4655497968196869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.42792123556137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-delay","display_name":"Transmission delay","score":0.4257054924964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.34279367327690125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.33816251158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1919395923614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-skew","display_name":"Clock skew","score":0.16190287470817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1414686143398285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-signal","display_name":"Clock signal","score":0.1369560956954956}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6974974274635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155837451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069144","display_name":"Clock drift","level":5,"score":0.690174400806427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.6574327349662781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52563298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413349","display_name":"Vector clock","level":5,"score":0.6502594947814941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113074038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276052","display_name":"Digital clock manager","level":5,"score":0.6162827014923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776261394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315562","display_name":"Impossibility","level":2,"score":0.6038241386413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129891060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513059","display_name":"Clock synchronization","level":4,"score":0.6017009615898132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5028442740440369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91317487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530412","display_name":"Simultaneity","level":2,"score":0.49212831258773804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779545769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135364","display_name":"Closeness","level":2,"score":0.49113771319389343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171051901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2389679","display_name":"Self-clocking signal","level":5,"score":0.4655497968196869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.42792123556137085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108921912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834639","display_name":"Transmission delay","level":3,"score":0.4257054924964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.34279367327690125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.33816251158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1919395923614502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60501442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382014","display_name":"Clock skew","level":4,"score":0.16190287470817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1414686143398285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137059387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426882","display_name":"Clock signal","level":3,"score":0.1369560956954956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0022-0000(86)90028-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0000(86)90028-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S141020589","display_name":"Journal of Computer and System Sciences","issn_l":"0022-0000","issn":["0022-0000","1090-2724"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer and System Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1531368347","https://openalex.org/W2014772227","https://openalex.org/W2034702409","https://openalex.org/W2034791526","https://openalex.org/W2035918100","https://openalex.org/W2076022311","https://openalex.org/W2078209861","https://openalex.org/W2095464745","https://openalex.org/W2113838520","https://openalex.org/W2118891797","https://openalex.org/W2126924915","https://openalex.org/W3137092842","https://openalex.org/W6632962529","https://openalex.org/W6650909818","https://openalex.org/W6654787798","https://openalex.org/W6659183558","https://openalex.org/W6670114279","https://openalex.org/W6670695817"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2006392656","https://openalex.org/W2292909929","https://openalex.org/W1966845705","https://openalex.org/W2083095101","https://openalex.org/W1924044602","https://openalex.org/W2386718233","https://openalex.org/W2147879203","https://openalex.org/W2056489071","https://openalex.org/W2164889758","https://openalex.org/W2152009219"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T14:07:55.174380","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
