{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2911452516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)90108-2","title":"Causal approximations","display_name":"Causal approximations","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2911452516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)90108-2","mag":"2911452516"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(94)90108-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)90108-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113077261","display_name":"P. Pandurang Nayak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280536761","display_name":"Ames Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02acart68","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1743320","display_name":"Palo Alto University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f812k67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1743320"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"P.Pandurang Nayak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Recom Technologies, NASA Ames Research Center, AI Research Branch, MS 269-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA","Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Recom Technologies, NASA Ames Research Center, AI Research Branch, MS 269-2, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1743320","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113077261"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280536761","https://openalex.org/I1743320","https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":3670,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3670},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4756,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93069705,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"1-2","first_page":"277","last_page":"334"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intuition","display_name":"Intuition","score":0.6396621465682983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6068664193153381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/approximations-of-\u03c0","display_name":"Approximations of \u03c0","score":0.5421342849731445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simplicity","display_name":"Simplicity","score":0.5310519337654114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.49612435698509216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.47166216373443604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-model","display_name":"Causal model","score":0.45570099353790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37310972809791565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.34422725439071655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3398449420928955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.33851903676986694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.2614244818687439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.09643438458442688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132010649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189222","display_name":"Intuition","level":2,"score":0.6396621465682983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6068664193153381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193386753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130396","display_name":"Approximations of \u03c0","level":2,"score":0.5421342849731445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776372474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508291","display_name":"Simplicity","level":2,"score":0.5310519337654114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.49612435698509216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.47166216373443604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.45570099353790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37310972809791565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.34422725439071655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3398449420928955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33851903676986694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.2614244818687439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.09643438458442688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(94)90108-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)90108-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.34.2999","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.34.2999","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ksl.stanford.edu/pub/KSL_Reports/./KSL-92-31.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2911452516","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3429031","https://openalex.org/W11218404","https://openalex.org/W124200587","https://openalex.org/W129666170","https://openalex.org/W1491353829","https://openalex.org/W1514125291","https://openalex.org/W1531243872","https://openalex.org/W1568665038","https://openalex.org/W1598676613","https://openalex.org/W1784944639","https://openalex.org/W1972545229","https://openalex.org/W1981627423","https://openalex.org/W1992797305","https://openalex.org/W2003956828","https://openalex.org/W2017103958","https://openalex.org/W2039153121","https://openalex.org/W2052222137","https://openalex.org/W2053190303","https://openalex.org/W2062557177","https://openalex.org/W2066814802","https://openalex.org/W2100031518","https://openalex.org/W2140627345","https://openalex.org/W2166566648","https://openalex.org/W2170874025","https://openalex.org/W2171796274","https://openalex.org/W2176685946","https://openalex.org/W2912848477","https://openalex.org/W2914573421","https://openalex.org/W3022710057","https://openalex.org/W6600140568","https://openalex.org/W6600437576","https://openalex.org/W6604460210","https://openalex.org/W6605027819","https://openalex.org/W6605201053","https://openalex.org/W6606923255","https://openalex.org/W6607553078","https://openalex.org/W6629453771","https://openalex.org/W6629541348","https://openalex.org/W6630907517","https://openalex.org/W6630964831","https://openalex.org/W6632224110","https://openalex.org/W6633687912","https://openalex.org/W6660230485","https://openalex.org/W6681557063","https://openalex.org/W6684468096","https://openalex.org/W6685859727","https://openalex.org/W6686395021","https://openalex.org/W6715059332","https://openalex.org/W6999433784"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2914916055","https://openalex.org/W2066814802","https://openalex.org/W1531243872","https://openalex.org/W2053190303","https://openalex.org/W3013899369","https://openalex.org/W2174730714","https://openalex.org/W2298902871","https://openalex.org/W2983539546","https://openalex.org/W2247886904","https://openalex.org/W2478464795","https://openalex.org/W2900985570","https://openalex.org/W2397185625","https://openalex.org/W2913100861","https://openalex.org/W85208640","https://openalex.org/W1875525565","https://openalex.org/W2235092602","https://openalex.org/W2955135267","https://openalex.org/W2553166829","https://openalex.org/W2473453452","https://openalex.org/W3032979343"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
