{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1989789052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)90105-8","title":"Knowledge-based artificial neural networks","display_name":"Knowledge-based artificial neural networks","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1989789052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)90105-8","mag":"1989789052"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(94)90105-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)90105-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050534203","display_name":"Geoffrey G. Towell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey G. Towell","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin, 1210 West Dayton St., Madison, WI 53706, USA","University of Wisconsin, Madison"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin, 1210 West Dayton St., Madison, WI 53706, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin, Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058270794","display_name":"Jude Shavlik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jude W. Shavlik","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin, 1210 West Dayton St., Madison, WI 53706, USA","University of Wisconsin, Madison"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin, 1210 West Dayton St., Madison, WI 53706, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin, Madison","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050534203"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":{"value":3670,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3670},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.6663,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":751,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99545234,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"1-2","first_page":"119","last_page":"165"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9782000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7169452905654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7160856127738953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.70858234167099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/connectionism","display_name":"Connectionism","score":0.6452875733375549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5298734903335571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-system","display_name":"Hybrid system","score":0.4776136577129364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.46938058733940125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.4678398370742798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.4512150287628174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.43652352690696716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10261285305023193}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7169452905654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7160856127738953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.70858234167099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8521452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203790","display_name":"Connectionism","level":3,"score":0.6452875733375549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5298734903335571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50897621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665508","display_name":"Hybrid system","level":2,"score":0.4776136577129364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.46938058733940125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4678398370742798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.4512150287628174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.43652352690696716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10261285305023193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(94)90105-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)90105-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.51.3526","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.51.3526","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/machine-learning/shavlik-group/towell.aij94.ps","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":100,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39474741","https://openalex.org/W54398672","https://openalex.org/W131552660","https://openalex.org/W146100937","https://openalex.org/W188378287","https://openalex.org/W1496189887","https://openalex.org/W1503632486","https://openalex.org/W1508109433","https://openalex.org/W1511321067","https://openalex.org/W1518026427","https://openalex.org/W1527532036","https://openalex.org/W1546185221","https://openalex.org/W1561994553","https://openalex.org/W1563439927","https://openalex.org/W1570445666","https://openalex.org/W1577541435","https://openalex.org/W1604329830","https://openalex.org/W1672367851","https://openalex.org/W1678602490","https://openalex.org/W1855185230","https://openalex.org/W1874939829","https://openalex.org/W1970906492","https://openalex.org/W1972876357","https://openalex.org/W1973911979","https://openalex.org/W1989574962","https://openalex.org/W1989847651","https://openalex.org/W1995341919","https://openalex.org/W1999138184","https://openalex.org/W2003048487","https://openalex.org/W2007431958","https://openalex.org/W2008353316","https://openalex.org/W2037689320","https://openalex.org/W2039651682","https://openalex.org/W2050206309","https://openalex.org/W2050414686","https://openalex.org/W2051589410","https://openalex.org/W2055124854","https://openalex.org/W2063270381","https://openalex.org/W2073308541","https://openalex.org/W2078176013","https://openalex.org/W2109779438","https://openalex.org/W2114720696","https://openalex.org/W2114826854","https://openalex.org/W2129626601","https://openalex.org/W2138030009","https://openalex.org/W2140256637","https://openalex.org/W2149706766","https://openalex.org/W2159965310","https://openalex.org/W2160699933","https://openalex.org/W2162061564","https://openalex.org/W2165520550","https://openalex.org/W2176028050","https://openalex.org/W2180885055","https://openalex.org/W2187164964","https://openalex.org/W2189004000","https://openalex.org/W2233981758","https://openalex.org/W2478337590","https://openalex.org/W2520858206","https://openalex.org/W2605974740","https://openalex.org/W2757917007","https://openalex.org/W2766736793","https://openalex.org/W2988864014","https://openalex.org/W3022436500","https://openalex.org/W3147316366","https://openalex.org/W3207021134","https://openalex.org/W3207342693","https://openalex.org/W4234536190","https://openalex.org/W4235116485","https://openalex.org/W4236137412","https://openalex.org/W4237527047","https://openalex.org/W4242221364","https://openalex.org/W4242861367","https://openalex.org/W4243550141","https://openalex.org/W4244296837","https://openalex.org/W4248308907","https://openalex.org/W4251423297","https://openalex.org/W4254952533","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6601591899","https://openalex.org/W6602170065","https://openalex.org/W6605323684","https://openalex.org/W6605896687","https://openalex.org/W6607652817","https://openalex.org/W6629813852","https://openalex.org/W6630606216","https://openalex.org/W6631125845","https://openalex.org/W6632642632","https://openalex.org/W6633691440","https://openalex.org/W6633766566","https://openalex.org/W6634178965","https://openalex.org/W6637348890","https://openalex.org/W6639010663","https://openalex.org/W6663170382","https://openalex.org/W6676553272","https://openalex.org/W6676782977","https://openalex.org/W6677340584","https://openalex.org/W6680666887","https://openalex.org/W6682610290","https://openalex.org/W6683736861","https://openalex.org/W7037115771"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205841273","https://openalex.org/W4205525690","https://openalex.org/W1732468982","https://openalex.org/W1761388607","https://openalex.org/W1997922073","https://openalex.org/W2021128377","https://openalex.org/W2604685715","https://openalex.org/W350032239","https://openalex.org/W2412160900","https://openalex.org/W134701156"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
