{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2035356068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)90080-9","title":"Bidirectional context-free grammar parsing for natural language processing","display_name":"Bidirectional context-free grammar parsing for natural language processing","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2035356068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)90080-9","mag":"2035356068"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(94)90080-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)90080-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068504877","display_name":"Giorgio Satta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7742-6438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I922845939","display_name":"Philadelphia University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zzmyz63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I922845939"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giorgio Satta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Research in Cognitive Science, University of Pennsylvania, 3401 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6228, USA","University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Research in Cognitive Science, University of Pennsylvania, 3401 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6228, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946","https://openalex.org/I922845939"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033236044","display_name":"Oliviero Stock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5021-411X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097842","display_name":"Istituto Centrale per la Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica Applicata al Mare","ror":"https://ror.org/014cycx13","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097842"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliviero Stock","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRST, Istituto per la Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica, 38050 Povo, Trento, Italy","IRST, Trento, Italy#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRST, Istituto per la Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica, 38050 Povo, Trento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097842"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRST, Trento, Italy#TAB#","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068504877"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946","https://openalex.org/I922845939"],"apc_list":{"value":3670,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3670},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0548,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93663986,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"1-2","first_page":"123","last_page":"164"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10820","display_name":"Fuzzy Logic and Control Systems","score":0.9807999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.9266159534454346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8797409534454346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.711006224155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6538408398628235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6249104738235474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing-expression-grammar","display_name":"Parsing expression grammar","score":0.6222602725028992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parser-combinator","display_name":"Parser combinator","score":0.5856481194496155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/top-down-parsing","display_name":"Top-down parsing","score":0.5217695832252502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5072667002677917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.4983506202697754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottom-up-parsing","display_name":"Bottom-up parsing","score":0.4717089831829071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.46742862462997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/top-down-parsing-language","display_name":"Top-down parsing language","score":0.4485708773136139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.44607359170913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.4237369894981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.38078010082244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-free-grammar","display_name":"Context-free grammar","score":0.2865861654281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/l-attributed-grammar","display_name":"L-attributed grammar","score":0.09247568249702454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.06502750515937805}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.9266159534454346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8797409534454346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.711006224155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6538408398628235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6249104738235474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146810361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32271","display_name":"Parsing expression grammar","level":5,"score":0.6222602725028992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118364021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7139956","display_name":"Parser combinator","level":3,"score":0.5856481194496155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42560504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15419395","display_name":"Top-down parsing","level":3,"score":0.5217695832252502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5072667002677917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.4983506202697754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60690694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q894902","display_name":"Bottom-up parsing","level":4,"score":0.4717089831829071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.46742862462997437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166651950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7824365","display_name":"Top-down parsing language","level":5,"score":0.4485708773136139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.44607359170913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.4237369894981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.38078010082244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97212296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338047","display_name":"Context-free grammar","level":3,"score":0.2865861654281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67621940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3113340","display_name":"L-attributed grammar","level":4,"score":0.09247568249702454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.06502750515937805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(94)90080-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)90080-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/122542","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11577/122542","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196283","display_name":"Research Padua  Archive (University of Padua)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7699999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W33343221","https://openalex.org/W47955260","https://openalex.org/W84240579","https://openalex.org/W128638292","https://openalex.org/W188972728","https://openalex.org/W193547965","https://openalex.org/W1511588645","https://openalex.org/W1545845798","https://openalex.org/W1553416402","https://openalex.org/W1559147707","https://openalex.org/W1583835960","https://openalex.org/W1598466031","https://openalex.org/W1802169671","https://openalex.org/W1970961429","https://openalex.org/W1982726215","https://openalex.org/W1986021162","https://openalex.org/W1990334545","https://openalex.org/W2042728676","https://openalex.org/W2047092246","https://openalex.org/W2047505657","https://openalex.org/W2053056836","https://openalex.org/W2055281590","https://openalex.org/W2078744230","https://openalex.org/W2079243773","https://openalex.org/W2095669535","https://openalex.org/W2122472280","https://openalex.org/W2134495021","https://openalex.org/W2143144395","https://openalex.org/W2157902310","https://openalex.org/W2161021345","https://openalex.org/W2161951411","https://openalex.org/W2467786438","https://openalex.org/W2477548687","https://openalex.org/W2540043677","https://openalex.org/W2743116204","https://openalex.org/W2912172494","https://openalex.org/W2913539360","https://openalex.org/W3003374142","https://openalex.org/W3087819404","https://openalex.org/W3146234024","https://openalex.org/W4376522561","https://openalex.org/W6601339192","https://openalex.org/W6601912971","https://openalex.org/W6603418948","https://openalex.org/W6604866682","https://openalex.org/W6607720958","https://openalex.org/W6607972897","https://openalex.org/W6630463118","https://openalex.org/W6633098368","https://openalex.org/W6634975818","https://openalex.org/W6638141053","https://openalex.org/W6663720814","https://openalex.org/W6664727906","https://openalex.org/W6670151462","https://openalex.org/W6674507041","https://openalex.org/W6678044947","https://openalex.org/W6681155528","https://openalex.org/W6683344952","https://openalex.org/W6683598238","https://openalex.org/W6683895464","https://openalex.org/W6721834885","https://openalex.org/W6728872875","https://openalex.org/W6742494295","https://openalex.org/W6783371057"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3143982968","https://openalex.org/W2164260211","https://openalex.org/W4320024782","https://openalex.org/W2483839524","https://openalex.org/W2246820938","https://openalex.org/W2529664582","https://openalex.org/W2952318476","https://openalex.org/W2038278636","https://openalex.org/W2105710547","https://openalex.org/W2804916787"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
