{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2118735566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)90057-4","title":"Justification and defeat","display_name":"Justification and defeat","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2118735566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)90057-4","mag":"2118735566"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(94)90057-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)90057-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111544418","display_name":"John L. Pollock","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John L Pollock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Philosophy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA","University of Arizona , Tucson#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona , Tucson#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111544418"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"],"apc_list":{"value":3670,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3670},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.9757,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":164,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97972846,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"2","first_page":"377","last_page":"407"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defeasible-estate","display_name":"Defeasible estate","score":0.9595493674278259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defeasible-reasoning","display_name":"Defeasible reasoning","score":0.927096962928772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-reasoner","display_name":"Semantic reasoner","score":0.8608444929122925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-monotonic-logic","display_name":"Non-monotonic logic","score":0.8566489219665527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circumscription","display_name":"Circumscription","score":0.8245617151260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argument","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","score":0.6306142807006836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6098983883857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/default-logic","display_name":"Default logic","score":0.5999599099159241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5627008080482483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/belief-revision","display_name":"Belief revision","score":0.4398103356361389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deductive-reasoning","display_name":"Deductive reasoning","score":0.4223959743976593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.40924686193466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3234172463417053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/description-logic","display_name":"Description logic","score":0.23882901668548584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.16503331065177917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoepistemic-logic","display_name":"Autoepistemic logic","score":0.10631945729255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-logic","display_name":"Multimodal logic","score":0.08125185966491699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.06607827544212341}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193856179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251100","display_name":"Defeasible estate","level":2,"score":0.9595493674278259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140843580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840067","display_name":"Defeasible reasoning","level":2,"score":0.927096962928772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9616225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3929429","display_name":"Semantic reasoner","level":2,"score":0.8608444929122925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159032336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488768","display_name":"Non-monotonic logic","level":2,"score":0.8566489219665527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62360110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96777007","display_name":"Circumscription","level":2,"score":0.8245617151260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.6306142807006836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6098983883857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160236029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842421","display_name":"Default logic","level":5,"score":0.5999599099159241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5627008080482483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128913409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3566063","display_name":"Belief revision","level":2,"score":0.4398103356361389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97364631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484284","display_name":"Deductive reasoning","level":2,"score":0.4223959743976593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.40924686193466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3234172463417053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102993220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387196","display_name":"Description logic","level":2,"score":0.23882901668548584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.16503331065177917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3845977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826262","display_name":"Autoepistemic logic","level":4,"score":0.10631945729255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203659156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934805","display_name":"Multimodal logic","level":3,"score":0.08125185966491699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.06607827544212341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(94)90057-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)90057-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.248.7721","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.248.7721","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.umiacs.umd.edu/%7Ehorty/courses/readings/pollock-1994-just-defeat.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.53.7116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.53.7116","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.u.arizona.edu/~pollock/Justification-and-Defeat.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W100882334","https://openalex.org/W1713752834","https://openalex.org/W1988477946","https://openalex.org/W1998363560","https://openalex.org/W2002135663","https://openalex.org/W2029665446","https://openalex.org/W2048059078","https://openalex.org/W2084601969","https://openalex.org/W2085984027","https://openalex.org/W2092338482","https://openalex.org/W2094150367","https://openalex.org/W2102048877","https://openalex.org/W2105117537","https://openalex.org/W2131789574","https://openalex.org/W2155322595","https://openalex.org/W2330674392","https://openalex.org/W2911298501","https://openalex.org/W2945259913","https://openalex.org/W3026851316","https://openalex.org/W3028329291","https://openalex.org/W4256682192","https://openalex.org/W6604135706","https://openalex.org/W6628245356","https://openalex.org/W6637339337","https://openalex.org/W6757884169"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2131789574","https://openalex.org/W15403292","https://openalex.org/W2044503422","https://openalex.org/W3026512908","https://openalex.org/W76146772","https://openalex.org/W2118735566","https://openalex.org/W2277498419","https://openalex.org/W1514997431","https://openalex.org/W2029665446","https://openalex.org/W3105235590"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
