{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1970692740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)00004-k","title":"An architecture for adaptive intelligent systems","display_name":"An architecture for adaptive intelligent systems","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1970692740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)00004-k","mag":"1970692740"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(94)00004-k","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)00004-k","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)00004-k","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079228822","display_name":"Barbara Hayes\u2010Roth","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Barbara Hayes-Roth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, 701 Welch Road, Building C, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, 701 Welch Road, Building C, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079228822"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":3670,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3670},"apc_paid":{"value":3670,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3670},"fwci":44.2024,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":404,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99855413,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"1-2","first_page":"329","last_page":"365"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9729999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6793912649154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.6574475765228271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5514291524887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecological-niche","display_name":"Ecological niche","score":0.5236458778381348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.523099422454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/niche","display_name":"Niche","score":0.4576531648635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4570290446281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.4508209526538849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4452890157699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.43777093291282654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3934778869152069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3430747389793396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.10920894145965576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.10266348719596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.09651616215705872}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6793912649154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.6574475765228271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5514291524887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102715595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172861","display_name":"Ecological niche","level":3,"score":0.5236458778381348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.523099422454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153991713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17142856","display_name":"Niche","level":2,"score":0.4576531648635864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4570290446281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.4508209526538849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4452890157699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.43777093291282654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3934778869152069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3430747389793396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.10920894145965576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10266348719596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.09651616215705872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185933670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105","display_name":"Habitat","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(94)00004-k","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)00004-k","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:casi.ntrs.nasa.gov:19970037819","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19970037819","pdf_url":"https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19970037819/downloads/19970037819.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196257","display_name":"NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210124779","host_organization_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"CASI","raw_type":"KSL-93-19"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.40.8646","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.40.8646","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.itlabs.umn.edu/classes/Fall-1999/csci8551/KSL-93-19.ps","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(94)00004-k","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)00004-k","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W53052996","https://openalex.org/W93977288","https://openalex.org/W109580605","https://openalex.org/W129247582","https://openalex.org/W155513606","https://openalex.org/W199176224","https://openalex.org/W206293357","https://openalex.org/W1481882669","https://openalex.org/W1484780672","https://openalex.org/W1494868962","https://openalex.org/W1497390930","https://openalex.org/W1555519929","https://openalex.org/W1563716826","https://openalex.org/W1571637571","https://openalex.org/W1585603966","https://openalex.org/W1601612555","https://openalex.org/W1652032257","https://openalex.org/W1968431527","https://openalex.org/W2009328995","https://openalex.org/W2015624925","https://openalex.org/W2024986888","https://openalex.org/W2027648814","https://openalex.org/W2034902322","https://openalex.org/W2048009563","https://openalex.org/W2051768896","https://openalex.org/W2060557708","https://openalex.org/W2062925853","https://openalex.org/W2063660796","https://openalex.org/W2064891628","https://openalex.org/W2068321344","https://openalex.org/W2068965944","https://openalex.org/W2082695062","https://openalex.org/W2088563966","https://openalex.org/W2095995891","https://openalex.org/W2097856935","https://openalex.org/W2109667567","https://openalex.org/W2117373207","https://openalex.org/W2130252203","https://openalex.org/W2140095144","https://openalex.org/W2143075689","https://openalex.org/W2176685946","https://openalex.org/W2180809782","https://openalex.org/W2321825260","https://openalex.org/W2337392266","https://openalex.org/W2402164836","https://openalex.org/W2540877599","https://openalex.org/W2915007872","https://openalex.org/W3146881658","https://openalex.org/W4230806689","https://openalex.org/W4240701619","https://openalex.org/W4246692583","https://openalex.org/W4384765855","https://openalex.org/W6603848218","https://openalex.org/W6605186562","https://openalex.org/W6606356163","https://openalex.org/W6608062509","https://openalex.org/W6628821838","https://openalex.org/W6629188307","https://openalex.org/W6629574763","https://openalex.org/W6633489894","https://openalex.org/W6636070198","https://openalex.org/W6636725810","https://openalex.org/W6659079694","https://openalex.org/W6666083691","https://openalex.org/W6667800945","https://openalex.org/W6674526314","https://openalex.org/W6792768519"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2529314810","https://openalex.org/W4243811755","https://openalex.org/W4365446637","https://openalex.org/W3216218798","https://openalex.org/W4293299354","https://openalex.org/W2331986442","https://openalex.org/W2603736653","https://openalex.org/W34603329","https://openalex.org/W1531420823","https://openalex.org/W4212780206"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Our":[0],"goal":[1],"is":[2],"to":[3,23,66,147,162,215,227],"understand":[4],"and":[5,68,87,173,187,239],"build":[6,228],"comprehensive":[7],"agents":[8,230],"that":[9,44,81,192],"function":[10,108],"effectively":[11,109],"in":[12],"challenging":[13],"niches.":[14,234],"In":[15,31,126],"particular,":[16],"we":[17,100],"identify":[18],"a":[19,74,89,203],"class":[20,76],"of":[21,53,58,78,85,113,133,144,159,166,180,195,199],"niches":[22,34,41,80],"be":[24,123],"occupied":[25,35],"by":[26,36,116,201],"\u201cadaptive":[27],"intelligent":[28],"systems":[29],"(AISs)\u201d.":[30],"contrast":[32,127],"with":[33,128,244],"typical":[37,134],"AI":[38,135],"agents,":[39,136],"AIS":[40,79,91,118,138,233],"present":[42,73],"situations":[43,114],"vary":[45],"dynamically":[46,210],"along":[47],"several":[48,141,232],"key":[49,142],"dimensions:":[50],"different":[51,56,69,197],"combinations":[52],"required":[54],"tasks,":[55],"configurations":[57],"available":[59],"resources,":[60],"contextual":[61],"conditions":[62],"ranging":[63],"from":[64,246],"benign":[65],"stressful,":[67],"performance":[70],"criteria.":[71],"We":[72,184,235],"small":[75],"hierarchy":[77],"exhibit":[82],"these":[83,196],"dimensions":[84],"variability":[86],"describe":[88],"particular":[90],"niche,":[92,119],"ICU":[93,252],"(intensive":[94],"care":[95],"unit)":[96],"patient":[97],"monitoring,":[98],"which":[99],"use":[101],"for":[102,169,177,231,242,251],"illustration":[103],"throughout":[104,110],"the":[105,111,129,237],"paper.":[106],"To":[107],"range":[112],"presented":[115],"an":[117,120,137,189,248],"agent":[121,190,209,250],"must":[122,139],"highly":[124],"adaptive.":[125],"rather":[130],"Stereotypie":[131],"behavior":[132,146],"adapt":[140],"aspects":[143],"its":[145,148,151,154,157,164,174,182,217,240],"dynamic":[149],"situation:":[150],"perceptual":[152],"strategy,":[153],"control":[155,213],"mode,":[156],"choices":[158,165,218],"reasoning":[160,167],"tasks":[161],"perform,":[163],"methods":[168],"performing":[170],"chosen":[171],"tasks;":[172],"meta-control":[175],"strategy":[176],"global":[178],"coordination":[179],"all":[181,194],"behavior.":[183],"have":[185],"designed":[186],"implemented":[188],"architecture":[191,223,238],"supports":[193],"kinds":[198],"adaptation":[200,243],"exploiting":[202],"single":[204],"underlying":[205],"theoretical":[206],"concept:":[207],"An":[208],"constructs":[211],"explicit":[212],"plans":[214],"guide":[216],"among":[219],"situation-triggered":[220],"behaviors.":[221],"The":[222],"has":[224],"been":[225],"used":[226],"experimental":[229,249],"illustrate":[236],"support":[241],"examples":[245],"Guardian,":[247],"monitoring.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}