{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1993380272","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(93)90032-7","title":"Turing's test and conscious thought","display_name":"Turing's test and conscious thought","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1993380272","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(93)90032-7","mag":"1993380272"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(93)90032-7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(93)90032-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/fef950bb-40a3-4d5e-aded-e1b76bc80c5d/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040173827","display_name":"Donald Michie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4642-0284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125680101","display_name":"Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02x2mw849","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125680101"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Donald Michie","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Turing Institute, George House, 36 North Hanover Street, Glasgow G1 2AD, Scotland UK","The Turing Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Turing Institute, George House, 36 North Hanover Street, Glasgow G1 2AD, Scotland UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125680101"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Turing Institute, Glasgow, Scotland, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125680101"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040173827"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125680101"],"apc_list":{"value":3670,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3670},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5511,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81148564,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14394","display_name":"Cognitive Science and Education Research","score":0.9534000158309937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10258","display_name":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","score":0.9121000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing-test","display_name":"Turing test","score":0.9079698920249939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing","display_name":"Turing","score":0.683326005935669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.6828817129135132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6368069648742676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.606877326965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.5399406552314758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5233023762702942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extension","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","score":0.5222773551940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-intelligence","display_name":"Human intelligence","score":0.4259319007396698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.4153464436531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3324306011199951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3191906213760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09350615739822388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C577917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189223","display_name":"Turing test","level":2,"score":0.9079698920249939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9870796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490481","display_name":"Turing","level":2,"score":0.683326005935669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6828817129135132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6368069648742676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.606877326965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5399406552314758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5233023762702942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.5222773551940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937824","display_name":"Human intelligence","level":2,"score":0.4259319007396698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4153464436531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3324306011199951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3191906213760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09350615739822388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(93)90032-7","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(93)90032-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/19742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.cs.vt.edu/archive/00000284/","pdf_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/fef950bb-40a3-4d5e-aded-e1b76bc80c5d/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Technical report"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/19742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.cs.vt.edu/archive/00000284/","pdf_url":"https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstreams/fef950bb-40a3-4d5e-aded-e1b76bc80c5d/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Technical report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309646","display_name":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1993380272.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W24434840","https://openalex.org/W214183770","https://openalex.org/W914681924","https://openalex.org/W1521045981","https://openalex.org/W1556427548","https://openalex.org/W2001771035","https://openalex.org/W2014736151","https://openalex.org/W2039590334","https://openalex.org/W2054935170","https://openalex.org/W2140030866","https://openalex.org/W2145482038","https://openalex.org/W2342236001","https://openalex.org/W2465599663","https://openalex.org/W2798840070","https://openalex.org/W2987537814","https://openalex.org/W3153208655","https://openalex.org/W6601008851","https://openalex.org/W6608186471","https://openalex.org/W6631223303","https://openalex.org/W6633563249","https://openalex.org/W6704360921"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4243955206","https://openalex.org/W4200331595","https://openalex.org/W102057119","https://openalex.org/W1783366861","https://openalex.org/W3156272347","https://openalex.org/W3038981710","https://openalex.org/W223264744","https://openalex.org/W2963049597","https://openalex.org/W3194846626","https://openalex.org/W970903316"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}