{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2056548750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(93)90016-5","title":"Innovations in text interpretation","display_name":"Innovations in text interpretation","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2056548750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(93)90016-5","mag":"2056548750"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(93)90016-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(93)90016-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081842439","display_name":"Paul S. Jacobs","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134512","display_name":"GE Global Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03e06qt98","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134512"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paul S. Jacobs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, GE Research and Development Center, Schenectady, NY 12301, USA","GE Research & Development Center, Schenectady, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, GE Research and Development Center, Schenectady, NY 12301, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134512"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GE Research & Development Center, Schenectady, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134512"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072757193","display_name":"Lisa F. Rau","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134512","display_name":"GE Global Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03e06qt98","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134512"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa F. Rau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, GE Research and Development Center, Schenectady, NY 12301, USA","GE Research & Development Center, Schenectady, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, GE Research and Development Center, Schenectady, NY 12301, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134512"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GE Research & Development Center, Schenectady, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134512"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081842439"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134512"],"apc_list":{"value":3670,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3670},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.475,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98319503,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"1-2","first_page":"143","last_page":"191"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9797000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.7089043855667114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4876667261123657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45328572392463684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42114004492759705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.41264504194259644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.3710079789161682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3102166950702667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.23661166429519653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.14835143089294434}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.7089043855667114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4876667261123657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45328572392463684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42114004492759705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.41264504194259644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3710079789161682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3102166950702667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.23661166429519653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.14835143089294434}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(93)90016-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(93)90016-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11171803","https://openalex.org/W25562283","https://openalex.org/W26082575","https://openalex.org/W46711236","https://openalex.org/W80619934","https://openalex.org/W127035525","https://openalex.org/W128638292","https://openalex.org/W203776565","https://openalex.org/W1481431397","https://openalex.org/W1481504940","https://openalex.org/W1486247954","https://openalex.org/W1512503341","https://openalex.org/W1548150731","https://openalex.org/W1553416402","https://openalex.org/W1558741743","https://openalex.org/W1563356223","https://openalex.org/W1563635790","https://openalex.org/W1582487692","https://openalex.org/W1969030495","https://openalex.org/W1974731480","https://openalex.org/W1990438144","https://openalex.org/W1998022963","https://openalex.org/W2006002820","https://openalex.org/W2008506796","https://openalex.org/W2009223072","https://openalex.org/W2024754409","https://openalex.org/W2042008249","https://openalex.org/W2047642013","https://openalex.org/W2056332969","https://openalex.org/W2061310592","https://openalex.org/W2062943553","https://openalex.org/W2066193647","https://openalex.org/W2066895676","https://openalex.org/W2077777431","https://openalex.org/W2079690930","https://openalex.org/W2081888781","https://openalex.org/W2083017379","https://openalex.org/W2083416324","https://openalex.org/W2084675619","https://openalex.org/W2100448187","https://openalex.org/W2105773798","https://openalex.org/W2108470480","https://openalex.org/W2113634327","https://openalex.org/W2114200727","https://openalex.org/W2117772341","https://openalex.org/W2121265118","https://openalex.org/W2133765496","https://openalex.org/W2144845931","https://openalex.org/W2150272696","https://openalex.org/W2159525276","https://openalex.org/W2168504477","https://openalex.org/W2622759881","https://openalex.org/W2912641741","https://openalex.org/W2914176692","https://openalex.org/W2999810198","https://openalex.org/W3088842588","https://openalex.org/W3205238928","https://openalex.org/W4238264692","https://openalex.org/W4245349101","https://openalex.org/W4246980150","https://openalex.org/W4247744661","https://openalex.org/W6600456781","https://openalex.org/W6601045288","https://openalex.org/W6601874517","https://openalex.org/W6603330179","https://openalex.org/W6605003669","https://openalex.org/W6608242250","https://openalex.org/W6628711128","https://openalex.org/W6628767030","https://openalex.org/W6629039063","https://openalex.org/W6630594049","https://openalex.org/W6632708007","https://openalex.org/W6633098368","https://openalex.org/W6633267134","https://openalex.org/W6633665508","https://openalex.org/W6638722101","https://openalex.org/W6643930122","https://openalex.org/W6649862272","https://openalex.org/W6651762840","https://openalex.org/W6652637489","https://openalex.org/W6665627342","https://openalex.org/W6667165796","https://openalex.org/W6667370199","https://openalex.org/W6669950128","https://openalex.org/W6671073977","https://openalex.org/W6671121672","https://openalex.org/W6675088243","https://openalex.org/W6676175983","https://openalex.org/W6676209823","https://openalex.org/W6677816023","https://openalex.org/W6680032237","https://openalex.org/W6681408190","https://openalex.org/W6681961571","https://openalex.org/W6685159516","https://openalex.org/W7033045274","https://openalex.org/W7056524227"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313320911","https://openalex.org/W4327743144","https://openalex.org/W2607424049","https://openalex.org/W4245077728","https://openalex.org/W4390922876","https://openalex.org/W3183204001","https://openalex.org/W4206302830","https://openalex.org/W2185941092","https://openalex.org/W4386782890","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}