{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4235192734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(93)90013-2","title":"Introduction","display_name":"Introduction","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4235192734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(93)90013-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(93)90013-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(93)90013-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103620421","display_name":"Fernando C. N. Pereira","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283103587","display_name":"AT&T (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02bbd5539","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fernando C.N. Pereira","raw_affiliation_strings":["AT&T Bell Laboratories, 600 Mountain Ave., Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AT&T Bell Laboratories, 600 Mountain Ave., Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015737731","display_name":"Barbara J. Grosz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3031-5591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barbara J. Grosz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, 33 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, 33 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103620421"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283103587"],"apc_list":{"value":3670,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3670},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"1-2","first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":null,"topics":[],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3942674696445465}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3942674696445465}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(93)90013-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(93)90013-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W100236546","https://openalex.org/W1499956129","https://openalex.org/W1539395461","https://openalex.org/W2057670927","https://openalex.org/W2151157246","https://openalex.org/W2912532330","https://openalex.org/W6604053663","https://openalex.org/W6619080386","https://openalex.org/W6630141233","https://openalex.org/W6682094801"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}