{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4231534323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(90)90066-9","title":"Introduction","display_name":"Introduction","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4231534323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(90)90066-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(90)90066-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(90)90066-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109039786","display_name":"Hans Berliner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans J. Berliner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112422632","display_name":"Don Beal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Don F. Beal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Queen Mary College, London University, Mile End Road, London, England E1 4NS, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Queen Mary College, London University, Mile End Road, London, England E1 4NS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079","https://openalex.org/I45129253","https://openalex.org/I124357947"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3670,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3670},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":null,"topics":[],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37819623947143555}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37819623947143555}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(90)90066-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(90)90066-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992249923","https://openalex.org/W2080206473","https://openalex.org/W2149534079","https://openalex.org/W2787501655","https://openalex.org/W6634420728","https://openalex.org/W6681788520","https://openalex.org/W6747925669"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T06:23:43.705686","created_date":"2022-05-12T00:00:00"}
