{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1511371761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(87)90026-9","title":"On understanding computers and cognition: A new foundation for design","display_name":"On understanding computers and cognition: A new foundation for design","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1511371761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(87)90026-9","mag":"1511371761"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(87)90026-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(87)90026-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005685978","display_name":"Terry Winograd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4435-7215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Terry Winograd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A","Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101536564","display_name":"Fernando Flores","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5873-8671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204086833","display_name":"Cirrus Logic (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05t96az61","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204086833"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernando Flores","raw_affiliation_strings":["Logonet, Inc., Berkeley, CA 94704, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Logonet, Inc., Berkeley, CA 94704, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204086833"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3670,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3670},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":45.7749,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1211,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":1.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"2","first_page":"250","last_page":"261"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9398000240325928,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9398000240325928,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10672","display_name":"Design Education and Practice","score":0.9379000067710876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.7213917970657349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.6514217853546143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.6442952752113342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49864697456359863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2851734161376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.07821395993232727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.07740259170532227}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.7213917970657349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.6514217853546143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6442952752113342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49864697456359863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2851734161376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.07821395993232727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.07740259170532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(87)90026-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(87)90026-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495715087","https://openalex.org/W2004200997","https://openalex.org/W2911280963","https://openalex.org/W6629263690","https://openalex.org/W6651284205"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2808901550","https://openalex.org/W3021042235","https://openalex.org/W597958479","https://openalex.org/W2218506202","https://openalex.org/W2081348319","https://openalex.org/W2157280774","https://openalex.org/W2770256266","https://openalex.org/W2075742431","https://openalex.org/W2183362005","https://openalex.org/W1974622901"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":86},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":53}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}