{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2033755422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(80)90032-6","title":"Constraints\u2014A language for expressing almost-hierarchical descriptions","display_name":"Constraints\u2014A language for expressing almost-hierarchical descriptions","publication_year":1980,"publication_date":"1980-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2033755422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(80)90032-6","mag":"2033755422"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(80)90032-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(80)90032-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/6312","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004435962","display_name":"Gerald Jay Sussman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerald Jay Sussman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A","Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072653508","display_name":"Guy L. Steele","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1421-3811"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guy Lewis Steele","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A","Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":{"value":3670,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3670},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.1231,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":439,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99755501,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"39"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viewpoints","display_name":"Viewpoints","score":0.7460692524909973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.7296146154403687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6676532030105591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.594407320022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5921890139579773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.5173627734184265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalence","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","score":0.4905985891819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-consistency","display_name":"Local consistency","score":0.45975637435913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expressive-power","display_name":"Expressive power","score":0.41646450757980347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotation-formalisms-in-three-dimensions","display_name":"Rotation formalisms in three dimensions","score":0.4114496111869812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3334850072860718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3101266920566559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2370705008506775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint-satisfaction","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction","score":0.2170000970363617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.10771486163139343}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7928819","display_name":"Viewpoints","level":2,"score":0.7460692524909973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.7296146154403687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6676532030105591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.594407320022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5921890139579773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5173627734184265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.4905985891819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137105694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3407510","display_name":"Local consistency","level":4,"score":0.45975637435913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195818886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421724","display_name":"Expressive power","level":2,"score":0.41646450757980347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171018156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7370306","display_name":"Rotation formalisms in three dimensions","level":2,"score":0.4114496111869812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3334850072860718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3101266920566559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2370705008506775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44616089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30158686","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction","level":3,"score":0.2170000970363617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.10771486163139343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(80)90032-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(80)90032-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/6312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/6312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/6312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/6312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W50425026","https://openalex.org/W57206305","https://openalex.org/W152674661","https://openalex.org/W198741235","https://openalex.org/W1488207627","https://openalex.org/W1491002050","https://openalex.org/W1511850131","https://openalex.org/W1514623078","https://openalex.org/W1532211537","https://openalex.org/W1541540802","https://openalex.org/W1557428995","https://openalex.org/W1574624514","https://openalex.org/W1579069982","https://openalex.org/W1580878022","https://openalex.org/W1613651675","https://openalex.org/W1983113859","https://openalex.org/W1989483184","https://openalex.org/W2028130726","https://openalex.org/W2038118137","https://openalex.org/W2066616355","https://openalex.org/W2074101911","https://openalex.org/W2099013355","https://openalex.org/W2132233302","https://openalex.org/W2147072697","https://openalex.org/W2148817888","https://openalex.org/W2158217915","https://openalex.org/W2292996153","https://openalex.org/W2339337913","https://openalex.org/W2914023467","https://openalex.org/W2987977008","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4399890603","https://openalex.org/W6606139379","https://openalex.org/W6608096421","https://openalex.org/W6629168782","https://openalex.org/W6629467445","https://openalex.org/W6630412706","https://openalex.org/W6630931622","https://openalex.org/W6631712019","https://openalex.org/W6632434703","https://openalex.org/W6633406410","https://openalex.org/W6634224034","https://openalex.org/W6634551820","https://openalex.org/W6634590133","https://openalex.org/W6645670200","https://openalex.org/W6667359618","https://openalex.org/W6675321794","https://openalex.org/W6678609795","https://openalex.org/W6681552638","https://openalex.org/W6889768851"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2385368906","https://openalex.org/W2626642044","https://openalex.org/W2121519505","https://openalex.org/W1490897486","https://openalex.org/W2017699072","https://openalex.org/W4386987043","https://openalex.org/W2895835929","https://openalex.org/W1569665785","https://openalex.org/W2506312863","https://openalex.org/W3104884551"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
