{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2018646682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(70)90003-2","title":"REF-ARF: A system for solving problems stated as procedures","display_name":"REF-ARF: A system for solving problems stated as procedures","publication_year":1970,"publication_date":"1970-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2018646682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(70)90003-2","mag":"2018646682"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(70)90003-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(70)90003-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109834751","display_name":"Richard Fikes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard E. Fikes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA","Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109834751"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152","https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":{"value":3670,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3670},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.9973,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":125,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9924658,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1-2","first_page":"27","last_page":"120"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint-satisfaction-problem","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction problem","score":0.8184911012649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nondeterministic-algorithm","display_name":"Nondeterministic algorithm","score":0.7624306082725525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint-satisfaction","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction","score":0.6898994445800781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6502861976623535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.6088570952415466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-solver","display_name":"Problem solver","score":0.5749344229698181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solver","display_name":"Solver","score":0.531588613986969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint-programming","display_name":"Constraint programming","score":0.5144758224487305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/c-programming-language","display_name":"C programming language","score":0.4806053340435028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4527268409729004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.45024561882019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3410816192626953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.2979429066181183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2620408535003662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22110852599143982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.09120708703994751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-programming","display_name":"Stochastic programming","score":0.07713794708251953}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199622910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128326","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction problem","level":3,"score":0.8184911012649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176181172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3490301","display_name":"Nondeterministic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.7624306082725525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44616089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30158686","display_name":"Constraint satisfaction","level":3,"score":0.6898994445800781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6502861976623535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.6088570952415466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019612716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q730920","display_name":"Problem solver","level":2,"score":0.5749344229698181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.531588613986969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173404611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528588","display_name":"Constraint programming","level":3,"score":0.5144758224487305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986567400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15777","display_name":"C programming language","level":3,"score":0.4806053340435028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4527268409729004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.45024561882019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3410816192626953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2979429066181183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2620408535003662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22110852599143982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.09120708703994751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137631369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617831","display_name":"Stochastic programming","level":2,"score":0.07713794708251953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0004-3702(70)90003-2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(70)90003-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196139623","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0004-3702","issn":["0004-3702","1872-7921"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10996577","https://openalex.org/W129913259","https://openalex.org/W619958555","https://openalex.org/W1505640990","https://openalex.org/W1572073643","https://openalex.org/W1572470107","https://openalex.org/W2028783879","https://openalex.org/W2054801208","https://openalex.org/W2119409989","https://openalex.org/W2292996153","https://openalex.org/W2295268496","https://openalex.org/W2321656971","https://openalex.org/W3139316869","https://openalex.org/W4239681903","https://openalex.org/W6600442888","https://openalex.org/W6605322162","https://openalex.org/W6634318972","https://openalex.org/W6677833281","https://openalex.org/W6817732460"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4321440721","https://openalex.org/W3031184783","https://openalex.org/W2907573759","https://openalex.org/W1610655459","https://openalex.org/W4300784158","https://openalex.org/W4297804236","https://openalex.org/W1581054293","https://openalex.org/W1729094848","https://openalex.org/W56406897","https://openalex.org/W4301765873"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
