{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128362235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01157-7","title":"Optimized Deep Learning-Based Multilevel DC-DC Converter for Fast Charging of Electric Bikes","display_name":"Optimized Deep Learning-Based Multilevel DC-DC Converter for Fast Charging of Electric Bikes","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128362235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01157-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01157-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01157-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01157-7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077378249","display_name":"Jawahar Marimuthu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0578-6466"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jawahar Marimuthu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125311851","display_name":"Edward Rajan Samuel Nadar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Rajan Samuel Nadar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077378249"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"apc_paid":{"value":1390,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1704},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44631254,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10175","display_name":"Advanced DC-DC Converters","score":0.4948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10175","display_name":"Advanced DC-DC Converters","score":0.4948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10228","display_name":"Multilevel Inverters and Converters","score":0.1784999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.05249999836087227,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.7906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.7838000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.6973999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmony-search","display_name":"Harmony search","score":0.6146000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pid-controller","display_name":"PID controller","score":0.6018000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.5795000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.47909998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41690000891685486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.7906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.7838000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.6973999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6288999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33099171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26208718","display_name":"Harmony search","level":2,"score":0.6146000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.6018000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.5795000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.47909998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41690000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.36250001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776582896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5368536","display_name":"State of charge","level":4,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196226539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7940752","display_name":"Voltage regulation","level":3,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156120966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7940742","display_name":"Voltage controller","level":5,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8171440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903414","display_name":"Steady state (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88182573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139740","display_name":"High voltage","level":3,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135692309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111124","display_name":"Square (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01157-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01157-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5da49dae0f8d47bab63094fa47af4dbb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5da49dae0f8d47bab63094fa47af4dbb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, Vol 19, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01157-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01157-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.4352819621562958}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2942385432","https://openalex.org/W2960187325","https://openalex.org/W2982388492","https://openalex.org/W3009469417","https://openalex.org/W3087108973","https://openalex.org/W3096373492","https://openalex.org/W3109364449","https://openalex.org/W3132880239","https://openalex.org/W3205608726","https://openalex.org/W3211931063","https://openalex.org/W4206549966","https://openalex.org/W4226290058","https://openalex.org/W4226304473","https://openalex.org/W4285200915","https://openalex.org/W4296615529","https://openalex.org/W4314936784","https://openalex.org/W4319599379","https://openalex.org/W4361216088","https://openalex.org/W4385274601","https://openalex.org/W4387241087","https://openalex.org/W4388722207","https://openalex.org/W4391892541","https://openalex.org/W4401111114"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Rapid":[1],"growth":[2],"of":[3,15,65,108,166],"electric":[4,66],"bikes":[5],"demands":[6],"fast-charging":[7,48],"systems":[8],"that":[9],"are":[10],"efficient,":[11],"stable,":[12],"and":[13,20,28,39,105,147,171,178,190,200],"capable":[14],"operating":[16],"under":[17],"varying":[18],"load":[19,145],"voltage":[21,37,133,138,146,167],"conditions.":[22],"However,":[23,93],"existing":[24,162,196],"multi-level":[25,201],"DC-DC":[26,57],"converters":[27,58,163],"control":[29,142],"strategies":[30],"often":[31],"suffer":[32],"from":[33],"high":[34],"current":[35],"ripple,":[36,168],"imbalance,":[38],"limited":[40],"dynamic":[41,106],"performance,":[42],"restricting":[43],"their":[44],"suitability":[45],"for":[46,62,76],"large-scale":[47],"deployment.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51,115],"research,":[52],"optimized":[53],"deep":[54],"learning-based":[55],"multilevel":[56,110],"has":[59],"been":[60],"proposed":[61,69,159,182],"fast":[63],"charging":[64,169],"bikes.":[67],"The":[68,158,181],"system":[70],"employs":[71],"Harmony":[72],"Search":[73],"Algorithm":[74],"(HSA)":[75],"tuning":[77],"PI":[78,84,94,141],"controller":[79,95],"to":[80,126,174,195],"finds":[81],"the":[82,89,103,131,135,140,154],"best":[83],"gains":[85],"globally":[86],"which":[87],"minimizes":[88],"steady":[90],"state":[91],"error.":[92,157],"is":[96,124],"inherently":[97],"linear,":[98],"it":[99],"cannot":[100],"fully":[101],"handle":[102],"nonlinear":[104,128],"behaviour":[107],"a":[109],"DC\u2013DC":[111],"converter.":[112],"To":[113],"address":[114],"limitation,":[116],"Levenberg\u2013Marquardt":[117],"(LM)":[118],"based":[119],"Deep":[120],"Neural":[121],"Network":[122],"(DNN)":[123],"used":[125],"learn":[127],"relationship":[129],"between":[130],"instantaneous":[132],"error,":[134,139],"change":[136],"in":[137,164,176],"signal,":[143],"actual":[144],"generates":[148],"optimal":[149],"modulation":[150],"index":[151],"while":[152],"minimizing":[153],"mean":[155],"square":[156],"method":[160],"outperforms":[161],"terms":[165],"time,":[170],"efficiency,":[172],"according":[173],"simulation":[175],"MATLAB/Simulink":[177],"experimental":[179],"validation.":[180],"DNN-HSA":[183],"converter":[184],"consistently":[185],"achieves":[186],"2.5%,":[187],"6.7%,":[188],"10.9%":[189],"14.8%":[191],"higher":[192],"efficiency":[193],"compared":[194],"PI-MPC,":[197],"MPC,":[198],"VP-MPC,":[199],"DC/DC":[202],"converters.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2026-02-10T00:00:00"}