{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413652768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02061-x","title":"Enhancing multimodal fault diagnosis in mechanical systems via mixture of experts","display_name":"Enhancing multimodal fault diagnosis in mechanical systems via mixture of experts","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413652768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02061-x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-025-02061-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02061-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-02061-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-02061-x.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018419064","display_name":"Qifan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2101-3551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qifan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Power and Energy, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Power and Energy, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072072691","display_name":"Bosong Chai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bosong Chai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103900484","display_name":"C. J. Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenchao Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113920369","display_name":"Yingqing Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingqing Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Power and Energy, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Power and Energy, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100369590","display_name":"Kun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0450-3997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Aero Engine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Aero Engine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003207136","display_name":"Wangyu Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8404-9489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wangyu Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Advanced Technology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Advanced Technology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041329084","display_name":"Boqian Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5785-2018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boqian Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100675696","display_name":"Yun Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3346-4640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yun Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK","Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100675696"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558","https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"apc_paid":{"value":1320,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1619},"fwci":6.3562,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96765499,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"10","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13891","display_name":"Engineering Diagnostics and Reliability","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-intelligence","display_name":"Computational intelligence","score":0.747200071811676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.6131157279014587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.42975395917892456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36009275913238525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.10361218452453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seismology","display_name":"Seismology","score":0.06338906288146973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139502532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122090","display_name":"Computational intelligence","level":2,"score":0.747200071811676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6131157279014587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42975395917892456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36009275913238525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.10361218452453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.06338906288146973}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-025-02061-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02061-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-02061-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:50258c7e04bc466dbea7a35572451517","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/50258c7e04bc466dbea7a35572451517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems, Vol 11, Iss 10, Pp 1-38 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s40747-025-02061-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40747-025-02061-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40747-025-02061-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035462843","display_name":"Complex & Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2198-6053","issn":["2198-6053","2199-4536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Complex &amp; Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1505311503","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Y2022-V-0002-0028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2659220905","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024J440","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332587","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3472466135","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LQN25E080011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020255992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4784346579","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019-V-0003-0094","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5904520156","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"J2019-V-0003-0094","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6140895396","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"E08001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8955107213","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Major","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332587","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413652768.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413652768.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4303411319","https://openalex.org/W4307313926","https://openalex.org/W4317438680","https://openalex.org/W4376876427","https://openalex.org/W4379932632","https://openalex.org/W4384036055","https://openalex.org/W4384406400","https://openalex.org/W4386898409","https://openalex.org/W4388526782","https://openalex.org/W4388570324","https://openalex.org/W4388871919","https://openalex.org/W4389385785","https://openalex.org/W4390242523","https://openalex.org/W4390341101","https://openalex.org/W4391164424","https://openalex.org/W4391286252","https://openalex.org/W4391448877","https://openalex.org/W4391688210","https://openalex.org/W4392338537","https://openalex.org/W4392667100","https://openalex.org/W4392799072","https://openalex.org/W4392858798","https://openalex.org/W4392976456","https://openalex.org/W4393942356","https://openalex.org/W4394845903","https://openalex.org/W4396581384","https://openalex.org/W4396621930","https://openalex.org/W4396674410","https://openalex.org/W4396877544","https://openalex.org/W4396949144","https://openalex.org/W4400447591","https://openalex.org/W4400618558","https://openalex.org/W4401232567","https://openalex.org/W4401891925","https://openalex.org/W4402127300","https://openalex.org/W4402129026","https://openalex.org/W4402271515","https://openalex.org/W4402552569","https://openalex.org/W4402628995","https://openalex.org/W4407177482","https://openalex.org/W4408145336","https://openalex.org/W4409829213","https://openalex.org/W4411369641"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Mechanical":[1],"wear":[2,146],"occurs":[3],"during":[4],"the":[5,17,46,54,69,83,104,108,134,142,156,160,168,173,180],"operating":[6],"cycle":[7],"of":[8,11,68,91,172,182],"all":[9],"types":[10],"complex":[12],"machinery.":[13],"In":[14],"this":[15],"paper,":[16],"spectral,":[18],"ferro-spectral,":[19],"physical,":[20],"and":[21,53,115,124,137,170],"chemical":[22],"analyses,":[23],"along":[24],"with":[25,57],"onboard":[26],"particle":[27],"counting":[28],"characteristics":[29],"under":[30],"laboratory":[31],"conditions,":[32],"are":[33,129],"taken":[34],"as":[35,45,63],"small":[36],"sample":[37],"datasets.":[38],"Wasserstein":[39],"Generative":[40],"Adversarial":[41],"Network":[42],"is":[43,61,72,152],"used":[44,62],"regeneration":[47],"algorithm":[48,157],"model":[49],"for":[50,100],"raw":[51],"data,":[52,147],"composite":[55,70,143],"dataset":[56,105],"richer":[58,79],"semantic":[59],"information":[60,81,162],"input.":[64],"A":[65],"one-dimensional":[66,144],"representation":[67],"data":[71],"transformed":[73],"into":[74],"a":[75],"two-dimensional":[76],"image":[77,135],"containing":[78],"static":[80],"using":[82],"Markov":[84],"Transfer":[85],"Field":[86],"transformation":[87],"concept.":[88],"The":[89,175],"Mixture":[90],"Experts":[92],"based":[93],"meritocracy":[94],"architecture":[95],"selects":[96],"different":[97],"expert":[98,109],"systems":[99,110],"various":[101],"features":[102,136],"in":[103],"by":[106],"categorizing":[107],"according":[111],"to":[112,132,154,166],"combinatorial":[113],"principles":[114],"setting":[116],"corresponding":[117],"weight":[118],"assignments.":[119],"ConvNeXt,":[120],"Bidirectional":[121,125],"Transformer":[122],"(BiTransformer),":[123],"Long":[126],"Short-Term":[127],"Memory":[128],"then":[130],"employed":[131],"capture":[133],"perform":[138],"fault":[139,183],"diagnosis":[140,184],"on":[141],"mechanical":[145],"respectively.":[148],"An":[149],"attention":[150],"mechanism":[151],"added":[153],"optimize":[155],"globally,":[158],"weighting":[159],"feature":[161],"across":[163],"multiple":[164],"dimensions":[165],"ensure":[167],"reliability":[169],"completeness":[171],"results.":[174],"final":[176],"results":[177],"show":[178],"that":[179],"accuracy":[181],"exceeds":[185],"95%,":[186],"demonstrating":[187],"ideal":[188],"performance.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
